A hybrid modeling framework for scattering from general 3D elastic targets in a stratified ocean waveguide is presented, incorporating multiple scattering between the target and the stratification, and allowing for targets to be completely or partially buried in a stratified seabed. The approach uses a generalized wavefield superposition, or virtual source approach, together with a Fourier‐Bessel spectral representation of the Green’s function in a stratified ocean, to model scattering from targets described solely by their arbitrary surface geometry and dynamic stiffness. The hybrid approach is here implemented within the OASES‐3D modeling framework, with the target surface stiffness determined either analytically, or numerically using Finite Elements.

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