Navy Applications of High‐Frequency Acoustics

Although the emphasis in underwater acoustics for the last few decades has been in low‐frequency acoustics, motivated by long range detection of submarines, there has been a continuing use of high‐frequency acoustics in traditional specialized applications such as bottom mapping, mine hunting, torpedo homing and under ice navigation. The attractive characteristics of high‐frequency sonar, high spatial resolution, wide bandwidth, small size and relatively low cost must be balanced against the severe range limitation imposed by attenuation that increases approximately as frequency‐squared. Many commercial applications of acoustics are ideally served by high‐frequency active systems. The small size and low cost, coupled with the revolution in small powerful signal processing hardware has led to the consideration of more sophisticated systems. Driven by commercial applications, there are currently available several commercial‐off‐the‐shelf products including acoustic modems for underwater communication, multi‐beam fathometers, side scan sonars for bottom mapping, and even synthetic aperture side scan sonar. Much of the work in high frequency sonar today continues to be focused on specialized applications in which the application is emphasized over the underlying acoustics. Today’s vision for the Navy of the future involves Autonomous Undersea Vehicles (AUVs) and off‐board ASW sensors. High‐frequency acoustics will play a central role in the fulfillment of this vision as a means of communication and as a sensor. The acoustic communication problems for moving AUVs and deep sensors are discussed. Explicit relationships are derived between the communication theoretic description of channel parameters in terms of time and Doppler spreads and ocean acoustic parameters, group velocities, phase velocities and horizontal wavenumbers. Finally the application of synthetic aperture sonar to the mine hunting problems is described.