Parallel Strong‐Strong/Strong‐Weak Simulations of Beam‐Beam Interaction in Hadron Accelerators Available to Purchase

In this paper, we present the results of using a parallel computational tool, BeamBeam3D, developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, for strong‐strong/strong‐weak modeling of the beam‐beam effects in three hadron accelerators: RHIC, Tevatron and LHC. This tool calculates self‐consistently the electromagnetic beam‐beam forces for arbitrary distributions and separation during each collision when a strong‐strong beam‐beam interaction model is used. When a strong‐weak model is used, the code has the option of using a Gaussian approximation for the strong beam. Using the strong‐strong model, we have studied the effect of time modulated offset beam‐beam interaction on the emittance growth in the RHIC and LHC. We observed an extra 0.04% emittance growth after 300,000 turns in the RHIC where the time‐averaged beam‐beam offset is one transverse rms beam size and the modulation frequency is 10 Hz. There is no significant additional emittance growth in the LHC after one million turns where the time‐averaged offset is zero. Using the strong‐weak model, we have also studied the antiproton lifetime subject to 72 long range beam‐beam interactions at 150 GeV injection energy in the Tevatron. The simulation shows a qualitative agreement with the experimental observation of the smaller antiproton emittance having a longer lifetime.