Physics and technology issues of importance to the high gain gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWT) are investigated in theory and experiment. The gyro-TWT is known to be highly susceptible to spurious oscillations, especially in high gain operations. In the current study, oscillations of various origins are classified and characterized with detailed theoretical modeling. They are shown to be intricately connected to the interplay between the absolute/convective instabilities, circuit losses, and reflective feedback. Knowledge of these processes leads to the suggestion of an ultra high gain scheme which employs distributed wall losses for the suppression of spurious oscillations. An experimental Ka-band gyro-TWT stable at zero drive has produced 93 kW saturated peak power at 26.5% efficiency and 70 dB gain, with a 3 dB saturated output power bandwidth of 3 GHz.

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