Numerical analysis and performance evaluation of hybrid perovskite solar cell using SCAPS-1D Available to Purchase

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical analysis and characteristics evaluation of hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) utilizing formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI₃) as a lead-free alternative. Motivated by the high-efficiency potential of PSCs (exceeding 25% PCE) but hindered by stability concerns and lead toxicity, this study leverages SCAPS-1D software to simulate and optimize FASnI₃−based PSC devices. Emphasis is placed on identifying non-toxic and stable materials for all device layers, including the Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO), Electron Transport Layer (ETL), and Hole Transport Layer (HTL). A novel device structure is proposed with optimized thicknesses of the layers and its impact on the parameters for performance evaluation, including short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) is investigated. The optimized structure, featuring front glass/FTO/SnO₂/FASnI₃/Cu₂O/ back contact, demonstrates promising results with a simulated Voc of 1.12 V, Jsc of 27.67 mA/cm², FF of 88.35%, and a remarkable PCE of 27.38%. These findings highlight the potential of FASnI₃ and novel materials for achieving high-performance, lead-free, and environment-friendly PSCs.