The dynamics of the urinary tract system are important, which is an indication of the health of organs in this system. Early detection of any urinary track problems is very important for successful treatment. Uroflowmetry (UF) is a common clinic-based non-invasive test to diagnose Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD). To examine the actual state of urination, there was a need for accurate home-based uroflowmetry methods to conveniently conduct repeated uroflowmetry when patients are physiologically ready to urinate. This study proposes an initial portable system for urine flow rate estimation accuracy and home monitoring of urological conditions. This prototype collects urine in real-time from a patient and then analyses the results to find out whether or not the patient suffers from any urinary tract disorders. This intelligent prototype is low-cost and composed of a weight-measuring load cell and a microcontroller. The results from the uroflow graph illustrate the rate of change of the urine flow. This system is capable of indicating whether or not the patient suffers from any urinary track problems.

1.
Özyurtlu
,
N. B.
(
2014
).
The Development and Design Of A Microcontroller Based Uroflowmetry Device
(Doctoral Dissertation,
Near East University
).
2.
Imtiaz
,
Qavi.
,
Ning
,
Zhang.
,
Georgette
,
Tan
. (
2023
).
Engineers in Medicine: Foster Innovation by Traversing Boundaries
.
Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
,
51
(
2
):
19
32
.
3.
J.
Jørgensen
,
H.
Jacobsen
,
P.
Bagi
,
H.
Hvarnes
, and
H. J. E. u.
Colstrup
, “
Home uroflowmetry by means of the Da CapoTM home uroflowmeter
,” vol.
33
, no.
1
, pp.
64
68
,
1998
.
4.
H.
Klingler
,
S.
Madersbacher
,
B.
Djavan
,
G.
Schatzl
,
M.
Marberger
, and
C. J. T. J. o. u.
Schmidbauer
, “
Morbidity of the evaluation of the lower urinary tract with transurethral multichannel pressure-flow studies
,” vol.
159
, no.
1
, pp.
191
194
,
1998
.
5.
W.
Schäfer
et al, “
Good urodynamic practices: uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies,” vol.
21
, no.
3
, pp.
261
274
,
2002
.
6.
Rattanasomrerk
,
S.
,
Honglertsakul
,
C.
,
Gesprasert
,
G.
,
Chantakanakakorn
,
N.
, &
Naiyanetr
,
P.
(
2019
, November).
Development of tele-home uroflowmetry system with NB-IoT implementation
. In
2019 12th Biomedical Engineering International Conference (BMEiCON
) (pp.
1
4
).
IEEE
.
7.
A. Y.
Zhang
and
X. J. S. O. N.
Xu
, “
Prevalence, burden, and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men aged 50 and older: a systematic review of the literature
,” vol.
4
, p.
2377960818811773
,
2018
. doi:
8.
K. S.
Coyne
et al, “
The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the Epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study
,” vol.
104
, no.
3
, pp.
352
360
,
2009
. doi:
9.
D.
Porru
,
R. M.
Scarpa
,
D.
Prezioso
,
A.
Bertaccini
,
C. J. P. C.
Rizzi
, and
P.
Diseases
, “
Home and office uroflowmetry for evaluation of LUTS from benign prostatic enlargement
,” vol.
8
, no.
1
, pp.
45
49
,
2005
. doi: .
10.
K.A.
Kim
,
E.J.
Cha
,
S.S.
Choi
,
Method and system for measuring urinary flow rate
, USA patent 2010/0152684,
2010
11.
Walendziuk
,
W.
, &
Idźkowski
,
A.
(
2014
).
Comparative research on the uroflowmetry system based on a weight transducer
.
Prz. Elektrotechniczny.
12.
M. S. J. U. o. T.-Q. J. O. M.
Abdulkarim
, “
Aspirin For Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Studying The Effect On Flow-Rate By A Self-Designed Flowmeter
,” vol.
13
, no.
1
, pp.
108
115
,
2017
.
13.
Abrams
,
P.
,
Cardozo
,
L.
,
Fall
,
M.
,
Griffiths
,
D.
,
Rosier
,
P.
,
Ulmsten
,
U.
, … &
Wein
,
A.
(
2003
).
The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society
.
Urology
,
61
(
1
),
37
49
.
14.
Ahlering
,
T. E.
,
Eichel
,
L.
,
Edwards
,
R.
, &
Skarecky
,
D. W.
(
2005
).
Impact of obesity on clinical outcomes in robotic prostatectomy
.
Urology
,
65
(
4
),
740
744
.
15.
Haga
,
N.
,
Aikawa
,
K.
,
Hoshi
,
S.
,
Yabe
,
M.
,
Akaihata
,
H.
,
Hata
,
J.
, … &
Kojima
,
Y.
(
2016
).
The effect of the vesical adaptation response to diuresis on lower urinary tract symptoms after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a pilot proof of concept study
.
PLoS One
,
11
(
7
),
e0159514
.
16.
Yoo
,
S.
,
Lee
,
Y.
,
Park
,
J.
,
Cho
,
S. Y.
,
Cho
,
M. C.
,
Jeong
,
H.
, &
Son
,
H.
(
2019
).
Voided volume< 150 mL on initial uroflowmetry in men with storage symptoms: Is it an unreliable test result or a sign of severe storage symptoms?
.
Plos one
,
14
(
1
),
e0207208
.
17.
Takeshima
,
Y.
,
Yamada
,
Y.
,
Takemura
,
K.
,
Kimura
,
N.
,
Hakozaki
,
Y.
,
Miyakawa
,
J.
, … &
Kume
,
H.
(
2022
).
The association between the parameters of uroflowmetry and lower urinary tract symptoms in prostate cancer patients after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy
.
PloS one
,
17
(
10
),
e0275069
.
18.
Pel
,
J. J. M.
, &
van Mastrigt
,
R.
(
2002
).
Development of a low-cost flow meter to grade the maximum flow rate
.
Neurourology and Urodynamics: Official Journal of the International Continence Society
,
21
(
1
),
48
54
.
19.
Shukla
,
B. K.
,
Tiwari
,
R. K.
, &
Beesham
,
A.
(
2023
).
A cosmological model in f (G, T) gravity with time varying deceleration parameter
.
Astrophysics and Space Science
,
368
(
10
),
81
.
20.
Belisle
,
J.
, &
Dixon
,
M. R.
(
2020
).
Relational density theory: Nonlinearity of equivalence relating examined through higher-order volumetric-mass-density
.
Perspectives on Behavior Science
,
43
,
259
283
.
21.
Bernstein
,
D. P.
(
2010
).
Impedance cardiography: Pulsatile blood flow and the biophysical and electrodynamic basis for the stroke volume equations
.
Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance
,
1
(
1
),
2
17
.
22.
Clothier,
Joanna
C.
, and
Anne J.
Wright
. “
Dysfunctional voiding: the importance of non-invasive urodynamics in diagnosis and treatment
.”
Pediatric Nephrology
33
(
2018
):
381
394
.
23.
Pong
,
Yuan-Hung
, et al “
Application of a deep learning neural network for voiding dysfunction diagnosis using a vibration sensor
.”
Applied Sciences
12
.
14
(
2022
):
7216
.
24.
Schäfer
,
Werner
, et al “
Good urodynamic practices: uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies
.”
Neurourology and Urodynamics: Official Journal of the International Continence Society
21
.
3
(
2002
):
261
274
.
25.
Jarvis,
Thomas
R.
,
Lewis
Chan
, and
Vincent
Tse
. “
Practical uroflowmetry
.”
BJU international
110
(
2012
):
28
29
.
26.
Li
,
Rui
, et al “
Urine flow rate curve shapes and their descriptors
.”
Neurourology and Urodynamics
37
.
8
(
2018
):
2938
2944
.
27.
F.M.
Alkhafaji
,
G.A.
Khalid
, and
A.
Alnaji
, “
Application of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Mechanism in Infant Population: A Short Review
”,
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
, vol.
1105
, no.
1
, pp.
012077
,
2021
.
28.
F.M.
Alkhafaji
,
G.A.
Khalid
, and
A.
Al-Naji
,
Characterization of Infant Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Delivery with Range Sensor Feedback on Performance
”,
Applied Sciences
, vol.
11
, no.
21
, pp.
9813
,
2021
.
29.
A.
Al-Naji
,
G.A.
Khalid
,
J.F.
Mahdi
, and
J.
Chahl
, “
Non-contact SpO2 prediction system based on a digital camera
”,
Applied Sciences
, vol.
11
, no.
9
, pp.
4255
,
2021
.
30.
A. AE.
Noori
,
M. B. A.
Samter
, and
G. A.
Khalid
, “
Design and implementation of audiometric instrument based on microcontroller
”,
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development
, vol.
17
, no.
1
, pp.
48
59
,
2013
.
31.
G. A.
Khalid
, “
The Effect of Doppler Phenomenon on the Speed of Blood Flow
”,
Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal
, vol.
8
, no.
4
, pp.
26
39
,
2012
.
32.
G. A.
Khalid
, “
Biomechanical Investigation of the Efficacy of Conventional Bicycle Helmets at Preventing Facial Injury
”,
Journal of Techniques
, vol.
4
, no.
4
, pp
95
104
,
2022
.
33.
S. J.
Abbass
and
G.
Abdulrahman
, “
Kinematic analysis of human gait cycle
”,
Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
, vol.
16
, no.
2
, pp.
208
222
,
2013
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.