Permanent magnet brushless DC (BLDC) motors, stepper motors, and frequency converter motors are all examples of up-to-date electric motor technology. They are made possible by the vast improvement in solid-state circuits s and equipment, as well as the great development in building material technologies. Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are quickly becoming the standard for cutting-edge applications. It is the most sought-after engine for a wide range of uses because of its minimal upkeep needs, small size, quiet operation, and high efficiency values. The BLDC motor’s direct injection ratio of torque to volume is also improved. Because of its benefits, it may be used in situations where portability and compactness are of paramount importance. In any sensor mode, these gadgets may be monitored. or sensor-less form, but sensor-less control methods are typically used to reduce the overall cost per engine. This document provides a brief overview of the various BLDC motor management methods currently in use.

Topics
Converters, DC motors, Electric motors, Stepper motors, Magnetic materials
1.
H.
Chen
 et al., “
The effects of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau
,”
Global change biology
, vol.
19
, no.
10
, pp.
2940
–
2955
,
2013
.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12277
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
2.
M.-H.
Hwang
,
H.-S.
Lee
,
S.-H.
Yang
,
H.-R.
Cha
, and
S.-J.
Park
.
Electromagnetic field study and design of a low-speed exterior rotor inductor for operating electric cars
.
2019
,
12
:
4615
. [CrossRef]
Google Scholar
 
3.
Lee
,
B.-C.
,
Song
,
C.-H.
,
Kim
,
D.-H.
, and
Kim
,
K.-C.
Process development and feature analysis for BLDC motor design with dual rotor construction and high power density are being investigated
.
6745
,
13
,
Energies
2020
. [CrossRef]
Google Scholar
 
4.
M.
Cheng
,
L.
Sun
,
G.
Buja
, and
L.
Song
.
Advanced electrical machinery and machine-based systems for electric and hybrid cars
.
Energies
,
8
,
9541
–
9564
(
2015
). [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099541
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
5.
Anuja
,
T.
, and
M.
Doss
.
Reducing cogging torque in a surface-mounted permanent magnet brushless DC motor by adjusting the magnetic movement of the rotor
.
2021
,
14
,
2861
. [CrossRef]
Google Scholar
 
6.
M.
Korkosz
,
J.
Prokop
,
B.
Pakla
,
G.
Podskarbi
, and
P.
Bogusz
.
Open-circuit failure analysis in fault-tolerant BLDC motors with various coil designs
.
2020
,
13
,
5320
. [CrossRef]
Google Scholar
 
Yoon
,
K.-Y.
, and
S.-W.
Baek
.
For electric oil pumps with BLDC motors, robust design optimization with a punishment mechanism is used
.
12
,
153
.
Energies
2019
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010153
Crossref
Search ADS
Google Scholar
 
He
,
C.
, and
T.
Wu
.
Electric impact tool device with permanent magnet brushless DC motor and mechanical structure design
.
11
,
1360
(
2018
,
Energies)
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061360
Crossref
Search ADS
Google Scholar
 
7.
Stephan
,
D.
,
Annette
,
M.
, and
Gerhard
,
S.
Small single-phase permanent magnet brushless DC motors for fan uses have design limitations
.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications
,
51
,
3178
–
3186
,
2015
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2015.2406856
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
8.
Zhang
J.
,
Cheng
M.
,
Hua
W.
 (
2010
) Calculation of cogging torque for stator interior permanent magnet machine.
14th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation CEFC’10
,
Chicago, USA
.
Google Scholar
 
9.
Li
,
H.
The Effects of Permanent Magnet Segmentations onElectromagnetic Performance in Ironless Brushless DC Motors
(
2018
)
Google Scholar
 
10.
Ozgur Ustun On Field Weakening Performance of a BrushlessDirect Current Motor with Higher Winding Inductance: Why Does Design Matter
(
2018
)
11.
Yogesh Singh
Barod
,
Alka Thakur Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of BLDC Motor for Vibration and Noise Effect Along with Current Variation
(
2018
)
Google Scholar
 
12.
Wu
Q.
,
Tıan
W.
 (
2012
)
Design of permanent magnet brushless DA motor control system based on dsPIC30F4012
.
Procedia Engineering
29
:
4223
–
4227
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.647
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
13.
V.
Sandeep
,
Sharankumar Shastri2 Analysis and Design of PMBLDC Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicle Application
(
2019
)
Google Scholar
 
14.
Podhajecki
Jerzy
,
Rawicki Stanislaw New elements within finite element modeling of magnetostriction phenomenon in BLDC motor
(
2020
)
Google Scholar
 
15.
Anshuman Kumaar
Singh
Design and Performance Analysis of an Interior Permanent Magnet Brushless DC motor using ANSYS Electronics
. (
2022
)
Google Scholar
 
16.
Vijay
T.
Design and analysis of a novel topology for slotless brushless DC (BLDC) motors with enhanced torque and efficiency
(
2020
)
Google Scholar
 
17.
Ozgur Ustun
A.
Linear Brushless Direct Current Motor Design Approach for Seismic Shake Tables
(
2020
)
Google Scholar
 
18.
Design, implementation and speed estimation of three-phase 2 kW out-runner permanent magnet BLDC motor for ultralight electric vehicles
(
2021
)
19.
K.
Vanchinathan
Adaptive fractional order PID controller tuning for brushless DC motor using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm
(
2021
)
Google Scholar
 
20.
Mehmet
A.K.A.R.
Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) Motor Control System with Isolated Gate Driver
(
2021
)
Google Scholar
 
21.
Muhamad Ariff
Khalid
Design and analysis of a novel topology for slotless brushless DC (BLDC) motors with enhanced torque and efficiency
(
2021
)
Google Scholar
 
22.
Xue-Gui
G.A.N.
Design optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motor using Taguchi method and experimental validation
(
2021
)
Google Scholar
 
23.
Ali
Sinan
Cabuk Simulation of the effect of segmented axial direction magnets on the efficiency of in-wheel permanent magnet brushless DC motors used in light electric vehicles based on finite element method
(
2021
)
Google Scholar
 
24.
Obi
,
P.I
Determining Efficiency of Brushless Permanent Magnet DC Motor Using Magnetic Circuit Simulation
(
2022
)
Google Scholar
 
25.
E
Ali
A. Yousif ccentricity Effect on Radial Forces of Bearingless BLDC
Motor
:
Study and Analysis
(
2022
)
Google Scholar
 
26.
Unlersen
,
M.F.
;
Balci
,
S.
;
Aslan
,
M.F.
;
Sabanci
,
K.
The speed estimation via BiLSTM-Based network of a BLDC motor drive for fan applications
.
Arab. J. Sci. Eng.
2021
,
1
–
10
. [CrossRef]
27.
Jose Carlos
Gamazo-Real
,
Ernesto
Vázquez-Sánchez
 and
Jaime
Gómez-Gil
, “
Position and Speed Control of Brushless DC Motors Using Sensorless Techniques and Application Trends
,”
Sensors
, vol.
10
, no.
7
, pp.
6901
–
6947
,
2018
.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s100706901
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
28.
Marques
,
T.
;
Reynoso-Meza
,
G.
Applications of multi-objective optimisation for PID-like controller tuning: A 2015–2019 review and analysis
.
IFAC-PapersOnLine
2020
,
53
,
7933
–
7940
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2140
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
29.
Villarreal-Cervantes
,
M.G.
;
Alvarez-Gallegos
,
J.
Off-line PID control tuning for a planar parallel robot using DE variants
.
Expert Syst. Appl.
2016
,
64
,
444
–
454
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.08.013
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
30.
Villarreal-Cervantes
,
M.G.
;
Rodríguez-Molina
,
A.
;
García-Mendoza
,
C.V.
;
Peñaloza-Mejía
,
O.
;
Sepúlveda-Cervantes
,
G.
Multi-Objective On-Line Optimization Approach for the DC Motor Controller Tuning Using Differential Evolution
.
IEEE Access
2017
,
5
,
20393
–
20407
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2757959
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
31.
Mendoza
,
M.
;
Zavala-Río
,
A.
;
Santibáñez
,
V.
;
Reyes
,
F.
A generalised PID-type control scheme with simple tuning for the global regulation of robot manipulators with constrained inputs
.
Int. J.
Control
2015
,
88
,
1995
–
2012
. [CrossRef]
Google Scholar
 
32.
Hernández-Guzmán
,
V.M.
;
Santibáñez
,
V.
;
Silva-Ortigoza
,
R.
A New Tuning Procedure for PID Control of Rigid Robots
.
Adv. Robot.
2008
,
22
,
1007
–
1023
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1163/156855308X315154
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
33.
Luyben
,
W.L.
;
Luyben
,
M.L.
Essentials of Process Control
;
McGraw-Hill
:
New York, NY, USA
,
1997
.
Google Scholar
 
Joseph
,
E.
;
Olaiya
,
O.
Cohen-Coon PID Tuning Method: A Better Option to Ziegler Nichols-Pid Tuning Method
.
Comput. Eng. Intell.
Syst.
2018
,
9
,
33
–
37
.
Google Scholar
 
34.
Talbi
,
E.G.
Metaheuristics: From Design to Implementation
;
Wiley Publishing
:
Hoboken, NJ, USA
,
2009
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Wang
,
L.
PID Control System Design and Automatic Tuning Using Matlab/Simulink
;
John Wiley Sons
:
Hoboken, NJ, USA
,
2020
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
35.
Caponio
,
A.
;
Cascella
,
G.L.
;
Neri
,
F.
;
Salvatore
,
N.
;
Sumner
,
M.
A Fast Adaptive Memetic Algorithm for Online and Offline Control Design of PMSM Drives
.
IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B (Cybern.
)
2007
,
37
,
28
–
41
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCB.2006.883271
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
36.
Åström
,
K.
;
Hägglund
,
T.
Revisiting the Ziegler–Nichols step response method for PID control
.
J. Process
Control
2004
,
14
,
635
–
650
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2004.01.002
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
37.
Marlin
,
T.
Process Control
;
McGraw-Hill
:
New York, NY, USA
,
2000
.
Google Scholar
 
Somefun
,
O.A.
;
Akingbade
,
K.
;
Dahunsi
,
F.
The dilemma of PID tuning
.
Annu. Rev. Control
2021
,
52
,
65
–
74
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcontrol.2021.05.002
Crossref
Search ADS
Google Scholar
 
38.
de Silva
,
C.W.
Intelligent Control. In Computational Complexity: Theory, Techniques, and Applications
;
Springer
:
New York, NY, USA
,
2012
; pp.
1619
–
1641
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
39.
Roveda
,
L.
;
Forgione
,
M.
;
Piga
,
D.
Robot control parameters auto-tuning in trajectory tracking applications
.
Control Eng. Pract.
2020
,
101
,
104488
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2020.104488
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
40.
Loris
,
R.
;
Maskani
,
J.
;
Franceschi
,
P.
;
Abdi
,
A.
;
Braghin
,
F.
;
Molinari Tosatti
,
L.
;
Pedrocchi
,
N. Scheme-Based
Reinforcement Learning Variable Impedance Control for Human-Robot Collaboration
.
J. Intell. Robot. Syst.
2020
,
100
,
417
–
433
.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-020-01183-3
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
41.
Norouzi
P.
 (
2015
)
High performance position control of brushless linear DC motor
.
Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Science and Technology
pp.
1
–
96
.
Google Scholar
 
42.
Fang
,
J.
;
Li
,
H.
;
Han
,
B.
Torque ripple reduction in BLDC torque motor with nonideal back EMF
.
IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
2011
,
27
,
4630
–
4637
. [CrossRef]
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2176143
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
43.
K. W.
Lee
,
D. K.
Kim
,
B. T.
Kim
,
B. I.
Kwon
,
A novel starting method of the surface permanent-magnet BLDC motors without position sensor for reciprocating compressor, IEEE Trans
.
Ind. Appl.
, vol.
44
n.
1
, Jan./Feb.
2008
, pp.
85
–
92
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tia.2007.912734
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
44.
K.
Iizuka
,
H.
Uzuhashi
,
M.
Kano
,
T.
Endo
,
K.
Mohri
,
Microcomputer control for sensorless brushless motor
,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
, vol.
IA-21
n.
4
, May./ June.
1985
, pp.
595
–
601
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tia.1985.349715
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
45.
C. C.
Jensen
,
F.
Profumo
,
T. A.
Lipo
,
A low loss permanent magnet brushless DC motor utilizing tape wound amorphous iron
,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
, vol.
28
n.
3
, May./ June.
1992
, pp.
646
–
651
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/28.137452
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
46.
R. C.
Becerra
,
M.
Ehsani
,
High-speed torque control of brushless permanent magnet motors
,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
vol.
35
n.
3
, August
1988
, pp.
402
–
406
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/41.3113
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
47.
T.
Kim
,
H. W.
Lee
,
M.
Ehsani
,
Position sensorless brushless DC motor/generator drives: review and future trends
,
IET Electr. Power Appl.
, vol.
1
n.
4
, July
2007
, pp.
557
–
564
.
https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa:20060358
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
48.
T. M.
Jahns
,
W.L.
Soong
,
Pulsating torque minimization techniques for permanent magnet AC motor drives-a review
,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
, vol.
43
n.
2
, April
1996
, pp.
321
–
330
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/41.491356
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
49.
J. W.
Dixon
,
I.A.
Leal
,
Current control strategy for brushless DC motors based on a common DC signal
,
IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
, vol.
17
n.
2
, March
2002
, pp.
232
–
240
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/63.988834
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
50.
H.
Tan
,
S. L.
Ho
,
A novel single current sensor technique suitable for BLDCM drives
,
IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems
, ∼PEDS 1999∼, July 27-29,
1999
.
Google Scholar
 
51.
J.
Bocker
, Advanced hysteresis control of brushless DC motors,
Deutsch-Koreanisches Symposium
, June,
2004
,
Aachen
.
Google Scholar
 
52.
P.
Wipasuramonton
,
K.
Sowsuwan
, Current-controlled PWM technique for brushless DC motor drives with a single current sensing resistor,
IEEE 31th International Conference on Telecommunications Energy
,∼INTELEC 2009∼, October 18-22,
2009
,
Incheon
,
South Korea
.
Google Scholar
 
53.
T. A new current sensing method for brushless DC motor drivers
, Hui,
J.
Jian-zhong
,
W.
Xin-yao
,
W.
Yong
,
Journal of Shanghai University
, vol.
4
n. pages.
42
–
48
, March
2000
.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11741-000-0030-0
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
54.
M. A brushless motor drive with sensorless control for industrial car hydraulic pumps, Bonfe, M. Bergo,
IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, ISIE
2008
, June 30-July 2, 2008,
Cambridge
,
England
.
55.
N. Comparison of PM motor designs and sensorless control methods for zero-speed rotor position sensing, Bianchi
,
S.
Bolognani
,
J. H.
Jang
,
S. K.
Sul
,
IEEE Trans.
Vol. 1 of Power Electron.
22
n. pp.
2466
–
2475
, March
2007
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2007.904238
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
56.
T. Torque generation in permanent-magnet synchronous motor drivers with rectangle current stimulation
,
M.
Jahns
,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Applied
, issue.
LA
-
20
n. July/August
1984
, pages
803
–
813
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tia.1984.4504490
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
57.
J.
Cros
 and
P.
Viarouge
,
Synthesis of high-performance permanent magnet motors with focused windings
,
IEEE Trans. Energy Conversations
, vol.
17
n.
248-253
in.Volume 2, June
2002
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2002.1009476
Google Scholar
 
58.
Z.Q. Electrical machinery and motors for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell cars
,
D.
Howe
,
Proceedings of the IEEE
, vol.
95
n. pp.
746
–
765
, April
2008
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2006.892482
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
59.
T. Kenjo as well as
S.
Brushless
,
Nagamori, and Permanent-Magnet DC Motors
(
Oxford
,
U.K. Clarendo
,
1985
).
Google Scholar
 
60.
T. Sensorless control of BLDC motors from near-zero to high velocities
,
H.
Kim
 and
M.
Ehsani
,
IEEE Trans.
Vol. 1 of Power Electron.
19
n. June 6,
2004
, pp.
1635
–
1645
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2004.836625
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
61.
J. Fuzzy-logic-based sliding-mode controller architecture for position-sensorless electric car
,
B.
Cao
 and
B. G.
Cao
,
IEEE Trans.
Vol. 1 of Power Electron.
24
n. pages.
2368
–
2378
in. Volume 10, June
2009
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2009.2020429
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
62.
P. Modeling, simulation, and study of permanent-magnet motor drives, Part II: the brushless DC motor drive
,
R. Krishnan
Pillay
,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Applied
, issue.
25
n.
274-279
in.March/April
1989
.
https://doi.org/10.1109/28.25542
Google Scholar
 
63.
S. Design and study of a speed-sensorless resilient stochastic L-induced observer for high-performance brushless DC motor drives with reduced torque ripple
,
A. KH. Mozaffari
Niapour
,
M.
Tabarraie
, and
M. R.
Feyzi
,
Energy Convers Management
, vol.
64
,
482
–
498
, December
2012
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.05.011
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
64.
S. A novel durable speed-sensorless control approach for high-performance brushless DC motor drivers with decreased torque fluctuation
,
Control Engineering Practice
, vol. pp.
42
–
54
, March 24,
2014
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2013.11.014
This content is only available via PDF.
©2024 Authors. Published by AIP Publishing.
2024
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.