A literature review of free space optical communication systems under hybrid technique

Optical wireless (OW) communication systems give an overview of its versatility, allowing it to function in both close (individual and internal) and far (public and hybrid) ranges. Key needs, application framework, main flaws, suitable deficiency approaches, and current and/or future developments are covered for each of these OW subfields. Ultra-fast point-to-point data transmission is the setting in which personal communication systems are provided. Next-generation Giga-IR standards that boost the speed of personal communication systems are offered together with the most relevant application framework and parameters. When it comes to internal networks, researchers have been looking at how to understand the dispersed nature of internal OW channels, how far a user may go, and how to stop the spread. The availability of visible light communication systems is usually acknowledged to be the most crucial aspect of future indoor OW systems. Utilizing hybrid visible or visible/infrared LEDs, these devices provide both illumination and communication. The atmospheric impacts on the optical channel, as well as ways for mitigating these effects to improve throughput and extend link lengths, are the primary topics of debate when it comes to outdoor systems. Today, outdoor OW can support up to 10 Gb/s Ethernet speeds in metropolitan areas, as well as LAN connections are expected to rise as faster as well as more dependable optical components enter the market. In the last section of this article, we will discuss Hybrid Optical Wireless / Radio Frequency (OW / RF) systems. These systems have an extra RF connection for improving the reliability of the system. The importance of effective methods of cooperation between dependable RF subsystems and broad-band OW systems cannot be overstated. The goal of this article is to examine the development and standardisation of external OWC systems, as well as the obstacles these systems encounter when applied to the development and implementation of smart cities.