Linear mixed models to analyze Indonesia’s Pisa reading literacy score

The Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA) is a periodic survey program to evaluate the quality of a country’s education based on student literacy development. The results of the 2018 PISA survey showed that Indonesia occupied the position of 72 out of 79 countries. It shows that the quality of education in Indonesia is still low. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the reading literacy score of PISA Indonesia quantitatively, which until now is still very rarely done. The model used to analyze PISA reading literacy scores and schools as a random effect is linear mixed models (LMM). The feasibility of the model is reviewed based on the model’s goodness criteria, namely the estimation of random effect variance, parameter significance tests, and model diagnostics. The results show that the significant factors influencing PISA are reading literacy scores, including education level, father’s education, internet access at home, dictionary at home, and many (TVs, cellphones, computers, e-book tabs, and books at home). Behavior skipping school and being late in coming to school, not listening to the teacher’s explanation, the age of entering kindergarten and elementary school, and staying in class during elementary school.