Antibiotic resistance poses a global health challenge. Multiple resistance mechanisms enable bacterial pathogens to evade antibiotic killing. Furthermore, there is a lack of new antibiotics entering the clinical pipeline. An alternative strategy to alleviate the problem of antibiotic resistance is the use of antibiotic potentiators, also known as antibiotic adjuvants or resistance breakers. Antibiotic potentiators are molecules that may not have antibiotic activity on their own but are able to block the bacterial resistance mechanisms or enhance the antibacterial activity of antibiotics. As such, antibiotic potentiators are a promising approach to combat drug resistance in bacterial pathogens. This mini review aims to elaborate on the discovery and development of antibiotic potentiators for the past decade (2012-2022) for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an important nosocomial pathogen that is resistant to almost all β-lactam antibiotics. Different microbial-derived compounds and studies pertaining to their discovery process will be elucidated. The mechanisms by which these antibiotic potentiators exert their adjuvating activity and their targets will also be discussed.

1.
J.
O’neill
The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016
[Online],
2016
. (accessed 10 October 2019).
2.
C. J. L.
Murray
,
K. S.
Ikuta
,
F.
Sharara
,
L.
Swetschinski
et al,
The Lancet.
399
,
629
655
(
2022
).
3.
M. G.
Pinho
and
J.
Errington
,
Mol. Microbiol.
55
,
799
807
(
2005
).
4.
H.
Grundmann
,
M.
Aires-De-Sousa
,
J. Boyce and E. Tiemersma, Lancet
368
,
874
885
(
2006
).
5.
E.Y.
Klein
,
W.
Jiang
,
N.
Mojica
,
K.K.
Tseng
,
R.
Mcneill
,
S. E.
Cosgrove
and
T. M.
Perl
,
Clin. Infect. Dis.
22
28
(
2018
).
6.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019
;
Department of Health and Human Services
:
Atlanta, GA: U.S
.,
2019
.
7.
B.Y.
Lee
,
A.
Singh
,
M.Z.
David
,
S.M.
Bartsch
et al,
Clin. Microbiol. Infect.
19
,
528
536
(
2013
).
8.
M. a. T.
Blaskovich
,
K.A.
Hansford
,
M. S.
Butler
,
Z.
Jia
,
A. E.
Mark
and
M. A.
Cooper
,
ACS Infect. Dis.
4
,
715
735
(
2018
).
9.
T.
Matsumoto
,
Clin Pharmacol
6
,
139
148
(
2014
).
10.
F.J.
Álvarez-Martínez
,
E.
Barrajón-Catalán
and
V.
Micol
,
Biomedicines
8
, (
2020
).
11.
G.
Dhanda
,
P.
Sarkar
,
S.
Samaddar
and
J.
Haldar
,
J. Med. Chem.
62
,
3184
3205
(
2019
).
12.
B.
Périchon
and
P.
Courvalin
,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53
,
4580
4587
(
2009
).
13.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
,
Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
. 28th ed. CLSI supplement M100. (
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
,
Wayne, PA
,
2018
), pp
1
296
.
14.
K.
Hiramatsu
,
Y.
Kayayama
,
M.
Matsuo
,
Y.
Aiba
,
M.
Saito
,
T.
Hishinuma
and
A.
Iwamoto
,
J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist.
2
,
213
224
(
2014
).
15.
J. I.
Yoo
,
J. W.
Kim
,
G. S.
Kang
,
H. S.
Kim
,
J. S.
Yoo
and
Y. S.
Lee
,
J. Microbiol.
51
,
160
165
(
2013
).
16.
L.
Cui
,
X.
Ma
,
K.
Sato
,
K.
Okuma
et al,
J. Clin. Microbiol.
41
,
5
14
(
2003
).
17.
B. P.
Howden
,
J. K.
Davies
,
P. D. R.
Johnson
,
T. P.
Stinear
and
M. L.
Grayson
,
Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
23
,
99
139
(
2010
).
18.
M.
Roch
,
P.
Gagetti
,
J.
Davis
,
P.
Ceriana
,
L.
Errecalde
,
A.
Corso
and
A. E.
Rosato
,
Frontiers in Microbiology
8
, (
2017
).
19.
A. S.
Bayer
,
T.
Schneider
and
H.-G.
Sahl
,
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
1277
,
139
158
(
2013
).
20.
E.
Nannini
,
B.E.
Murray
and
C. A.
Arias
,
Curr. Opin. Pharm.
10
,
516
521
(
2010
).
21.
A.
Mangili
,
I.
Bica
,
D. R.
Snydman
and
D. H.
Hamer
,
Clin. Infect. Dis.
40
,
1058
1060
(
2005
).
22.
S.
Bayer
,
N.N.
Mishra
,
A.L.
Cheung
,
A.
Rubio
and
S.-J.
Yang
,
J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
71
,
2100
2104
(
2016
).
23.
N. N.
Mishra
,
A. S.
Bayer
,
C.
Weidenmaier
,
T.
Grau
et al,
PloS one
9
,
e107426
e107426
(
2014
).
24.
B. P.
Howden
,
C. R. E.
Mcevoy
,
D. L.
Allen
,
K.
Chua
et al,
PLoS Path.
7
,
e1002359
(
2011
).
25.
L.
Cui
,
T.
Isii
,
M.
Fukuda
,
T.
Ochiai
et al,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
54
,
5222
5233
(
2010
).
26.
A.
Malabarba
and
B.P.
Goldstein
,
J Antimicrob Chemother
55
Suppl 2,
ii15
20
(
2005
).
27.
J. R.
Smith
,
K. D.
Roberts
and
M. J.
Rybak
,
Infect Dis Ther
4
,
245
258
(
2015
).
28.
F. F.
Arhin
,
D.L.
Seguin
,
A.
Belley
and
G.
Moeck
,
Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.
89
,
168
171
(
2017
).
29.
G.E.
Stein
,
Clin. Infect. Dis.
61
,
627
632
(
2015
).
30.
M.
Arthur
,
F.
Depardieu
,
P.
Reynolds
and
P.
Courvalin
,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
43
,
1875
1880
(
1999
).
31.
G.G.
Zhanel
,
F.
Schweizer
and
J. A.
Karlowsky
,
Clin. Infect. Dis.
54
Suppl 3,
S214
219
(
2012
).
32.
Münch
,
I.
Engels
,
A.
Müller
,
K.
Reder-Christ
et al,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
59
,
772
781
(
2015
).
33.
J. R.
Smith
,
J.
Yim
,
A.
Raut
and
M. J.
Rybak
,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
60
,
2352
2358
(
2016
).
34.
G.
Flüh
,
H.
Seifert
and
A. J.
Kaasch
,
Future Microbiol
13
,
727
729
(
2018
).
35.
S.
Stefani
,
D.
Bongiorno
,
G.
Mongelli
and
F.
Campanile
,
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
3
,
1988
2006
(
2010
).
36.
K.L.
Leach
,
S.M.
Swaney
,
J. R.
Colca
,
W. G.
Mcdonald
et al,
Mol. Cell
26
,
393
402
(
2007
).
37.
G.
Morales
,
J. J.
Picazo
,
E.
Baos
,
F. J.
Candel
et al,
Clin. Infect. Dis.
50
,
821
825
(
2010
).
38.
K.S.
Long
and
B.
Vester
,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
56
,
603
612
(
2012
).
39.
J. B.
Locke
,
M.
Hilgers
and
K. J.
Shaw
,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53
,
5275
5278
(
2009
).
40.
J.E.
Davies
,
J. Antibiot.
59
,
529
532
(
2006
).
41.
R.R.
Watkins
,
M.
Holubar
and
M. Z.
David
,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
63
,
e01216
01219
(
2019
).
42.
B.
Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska
,
C.
Kowalewski
,
A.
Krolak-Ulinska
and
W.
Marusza
,
Int J Mol Sci
23
, (
2022
).
43.
G.D.
Wright
,
Trends in Microbiology
24
,
862
871
(
2016
).
44.
C.
González-Bello
,
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
27
,
4221
4228
(
2017
).
45.
R.J.
Melander
and
C.
Melander
,
ACS Infect. Dis.
3
,
559
563
(
2017
).
46.
A.E.
Mattingly
,
K.E.
Cox
,
R.
Smith
,
R.J.
Melander
,
R.K.
Ernst
and
C.
Melander
,
ACS Infect. Dis.
6
,
2629
2640
(
2020
).
47.
R. J.
Worthington
and
C.
Melander
,
Trends Biotechnol.
31
,
177
184
(
2013
).
48.
M.J.
Zeiler
,
G.M.
Connors
,
G.M.
Durling
,
A. G.
Oliver
,
L.
Marquez
,
R. J.
Melander
,
C. L.
Quave
and
C.
Melander
,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
61
,
e202117458
(
2022
).
49.
M.
Dettweiler
,
R.J.
Melander
,
G.
Porras
,
C.
Risener
,
L.
Marquez
,
T.
Samarakoon
,
C.
Melander
and
C. L.
Quave
,
ACS Infect. Dis.
6
,
1667
1673
(
2020
).
50.
C.F.
Kuok
,
S.O.
Hoi
,
C. F.
Hoi
,
C.H.
Chan
,
I.H.
Fong
,
C.K.
Ngok
,
L.R.
Meng
and
P.
Fong
,
Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)
242
,
731
743
(
2017
).
51.
F.
Chassagne
,
T.
Samarakoon
,
G.
Porras
,
J.T.
Lyles
et al,
Front Pharmacol
11
,
586548
(
2020
).
52.
M.
Chawla
,
J.
Verma
,
R.
Gupta
and
B.
Das
,
Front Microbiol
13
,
887251
(
2022
).
53.
Y.
He
,
Z.
Hu
,
W.
Sun
,
Q.
Li
et al,
The Journal of Organic Chemistry
82
,
3125
3131
(
2017
).
54.
K.
Takata
,
M.
Iwatsuki
,
T.
Yamamoto
,
T.
Shirahata
et al,
Org. Lett.
15
,
4678
4681
(
2013
).
55.
T.
Suga
,
M.
Shiina
,
Y.
Asami
,
M.
Iwatsuki
et al,
The Journal of Antibiotics
69
,
605
610
(
2016
).
56.
A.
Fukumoto
,
Y.P.
Kim
,
A.
Matsumoto
,
Y.
Takahashi
et al,
J Antibiot (Tokyo)
70
,
562
567
(
2017
).
57.
M.
Pérez-Bonilla
,
D.
Oves-Costales
,
I.
González
,
M. De La
Cruz
,
J.
Martín
,
F.
Vicente
,
O.
Genilloud
and
F.
Reyes
,
J. Nat. Prod.
83
,
2597
2606
(
2020
).
58.
B.W.
Miller
,
J.P.
Torres
,
J.O.
Tun
,
M.S.
Flores
,
I.
Forteza
,
G.
Rosenberg
,
M. G.
Haygood
,
E. W.
Schmidt
and
G.P.
Concepcion
,
J Antibiot (Tokyo)
73
,
290
298
(
2020
).
59.
V.
Yarlagadda
,
R.
Medina
and
G. D.
Wright
,
Scientific Reports
10
,
8134
(
2020
).
60.
S.
Brown
,
J.P. Santa
Maria
, Jr.
and
S.
Walker
,
Annu. Rev. Microbiol.
67
,
313
336
(
2013
).
61.
E.W.C.
Sewell
and
E. D.
Brown
,
The Journal of Antibiotics
67
,
43
51
(
2014
).
62.
M.A.
Farha
,
T. L.
Czarny
,
C. L.
Myers
,
L. J.
Worrall
et al,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
112
,
11048
11053
(
2015
).
63.
J.
Campbell
,
A.K.
Singh
,
J.G.
Swoboda
,
M.S.
Gilmore
,
B.J.
Wilkinson
and
S.
Walker
,
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
56
,
1810
1820
(
2012
).
64.
M.A.
Farha
,
A.
Leung
,
E.W.
Sewell
,
M.A.
D’elia
et al,
ACS Chem Biol
8
,
226
233
(
2013
).
65.
H.
Wang
,
C. J.
Gill
,
S.H.
Lee
,
P.
Mann
et al,
Chem. Biol.
20
,
272
284
(
2013
).
66.
S.H.
Lee
,
H.
Wang
,
M.
Labroli
,
S.
Koseoglu
et al,
Sci Transl Med
8
,
329ra332
(
2016
).
67.
L.
Pasquina
,
J.P. Santa
Maria
,
B. Mckay
Wood
,
S.H.
Moussa
et al,
Nat. Chem. Biol.
12
,
40
45
(
2016
).
68.
J.P. Santa
Maria
, Jr.
,
A.
Sadaka
,
S. H.
Moussa
,
S.
Brown
,
Y. J.
Zhang
,
E. J.
Rubin
,
M. S.
Gilmore
and
S.
Walker
,
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
111
,
12510
12515
(
2014
).
69.
J.D.
Muscato
,
H.G.
Morris
,
A.
Mychack
,
M.
Rajagopal
et al,
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
144
,
3696
3705
(
2022
).
70.
S.
Brown
,
G.
Xia
,
L. G.
Luhachack
,
J.
Campbell
et al,
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
109
,
18909
18914
(
2012
).
71.
C. M.
Tan
,
A. G.
Therien
,
J.
Lu
,
S. H.
Lee
et al,
Sci Transl Med
4
,
126ra135
126ra135
(
2012
).
72.
H.K.
Lui
,
W.
Gao
,
K.C.
Cheung
,
W.B.
Jin
et al,
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
163
,
95
115
(
2019
).
73.
K.M.
Craft
,
J.M.
Nguyen
,
L.J.
Berg
and
S.D.
Townsend
,
Medchemcomm
10
,
1231
1241
(
2019
).
74.
D.
Lebeaux
,
A.
Chauhan
,
S.
Létoffé
,
F.
Fischer
,
H.
De Reuse
,
C.
Beloin
and
J.-M.
Ghigo
,
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
210
,
1357
1366
(
2014
).
75.
D.
Lebeaux
,
V.
Leflon-Guibout
,
J.-M.
Ghigo
and
C.
Beloin
,
J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
70
,
1704
1712
(
2015
).
76.
R.J.
Melander
,
H.-B.
Liu
,
M.D.
Stephens
,
C.A.
Bewley
and
C.
Melander
,
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
26
,
5863
5866
(
2016
).
77.
N.
Pant
and
D.P.
Eisen
,
Antibiotics
10
,
1060
(
2021
).
78.
A.
Vermote
,
G.
Brackman
,
M.D.P.
Risseeuw
,
B.
Vanhoutte
et al,
Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed.
55
,
6551
6555
(
2016
).
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.