Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications, because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operating fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops and hence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
REFERENCES
1.
A.
Jamar
, Z.A.A.
Majid
, W.H.
Azmi
M.
Norhafana
and A.A.
Razak
A review of water heating system for solar energy applications
. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
76
:178
–187
(2016
).2.
W.
Xiaowu
and H.
Ben
Exergy analysis of domestic-scale solar water heaters
. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
9
:638
–645
(2005
).3.
N.J.
Vickers
Animal communication: when i’m calling you, will you answer too?
Current biology
27
:R713
–R715
(2017
).4.
C.D.
Ho
and T.C.
Chen
The recycle effect on the collector efficiency improvement of double-pass sheet-and-tube solar water heaters with external recycle
. Renewable Energy
31
:953
–970
(2006
).5.
X.Q.
Wang
and A.S.
Mujumdar
Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: a review.
International journal of thermal sciences
46
:1
–19
(2007
).6.
S. US.
Choi
, J.A.
Eastman
Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles
. Argonne National Lab.(ANL
), Argonne, IL (United States
) (1995
).7.
Y.
Yang
, Z.G.
Zhang
and E.A.
Grulke
Heat transfer properties of nanoparticle-in-fluid dispersions (nanofluids) in laminar flow.
International journal of heat and mass transfer
48
:1107
–1116
(2005
).8.
D.
Tripathi
and O.A.
Bég
A study on peristaltic flow of nanofluids: Application in drug delivery systems.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
70
:61
–70
(2014
).9.
D.P.
Kulkarni
, D.K.
Das
, R.S.
Vajjha
Application of nanofluids in heating buildings and reducing pollution.
Applied Energy
86
:2566
–2573
(2009
).10.
O.A.
Alomair
, K.M.
Matar
and Y.H.
Alsaeed
Nanofluids application for heavy oil recovery
. Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, APOGCE 2014 - Changing the Game: Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions
2
:1346
–1363
(2014
).11.
D.P.
Kulkarni
, R.S.
Vajjha
, D.K.
Das
, D.
Oliva
Application of aluminum oxide nanofluids in diesel electric generator as jacket water coolant
. Applied Thermal Engineering
28
:1774
–1781
(2008
).12.
K.J. Park
K-J
, D.
Jung
Boiling heat transfer enhancement with carbon nanotubes for refrigerants used in building air-conditioning
. Energy and Buildings
39
:1061
–1064
(2007
).13.
Z.
Said
, R.
Saidur
, N.A.
Rahim
and M.A.
Alim
Analyses of exergy efficiency and pumping power for a conventional flat plate solar collector using SWCNTs based nanofluid
. Energy and Buildings
78
:1
–9
(2014
).14.
A.
Layek
, J.S.
Saini
, S.C.
Solanki
Second law optimization of a solar air heater having chamfered rib-groove roughness on absorber plate
. Renewable Energy
32
:1967
–1980
(2007
).15.
K.M.
Pandey
and R.
Chaurasiya
A review on analysis and development of solar flat plate collector.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
67
:641
–650
(2017
).16.
M.A.
Alim
, Z.
Abdin
, R. Saidur A.
Hepbasli
, M.A.
Khairul
and N.A.
Rahim
Analyses of entropy generation and pressure drop for a conventional flat plate solar collector using different types of metal oxide nanofluids.
Energy and Buildings
66
:289
–296
(2013
).17.
S.K.
Verma
, A.K.
Tiwari
, D.S.
Chauhan
Experimental evaluation of flat plate solar collector using nanofluids.
Energy conversion and Management
134
:103
–115
(2017
).18.
O.
Mahian
, A.
Kianifar
, A.Z.
Sahin
and S.
Wongwises
Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, and Entropy Generation in a Solar Collector Using SiO2/Water Nanofluids: Effects of Nanoparticle Size and pH
. Journal of Heat Transfer
137
(2015
).19.
S.K.
Das
, S.US.
Choi
, H.E.
Patel
Heat transfer in nanofluids—a review
. Heat transfer engineering
27
:3
–19
(2006
).20.
K.
Khanafer
and K.
Vafai
A review on the applications of nanofluids in solar energy field
. Renewable Energy
123
:398
–406
(2018
).21.
E.
Bellos
, Z.
Said
and C.
Tzivanidis
The use of nanofluids in solar concentrating technologies: A comprehensive review
. Journal of Cleaner Production
196
:84
–99
(2018
).22.
H.A.
Mohammed
, A.A.
Al-Aswadi
, N.H.
Shuaib
, R.
Saidur
Convective heat transfer and fluid flow study over a step using nanofluids: A review
. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
15
:2921
–2939
(2011
).23.
A.N.
Kozitsina
, T.S.
Svalova
, N.N.
Malysheva
, A.V.
Okhokhonin
, M.B.
Vidrevich
, K.Z.
Brainina
Sensors based on bio and biomimetic receptors in medical diagnostic, environment, and food analysis.
Biosensors
8
:35
(2018
).24.
H.
Chang
, C.S.
Jwo
, P.S.
Fan
, S.H.
Pai
Process optimization and material properties for nanofluid manufacturing
. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
34
:300
–306
(2007
).25.
P
Raj
and S.
Subudhi
A review of studies using nanofluids in flat-plate and direct absorption solar collectors.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
84
:54
–74
(2018
).26.
S.A.
Angayarkanni
and J.
Philip
Review on thermal properties of nanofluids: Recent developments.
Advances in colloid and interface science
225
:146
–176
(2015
).27.
W.
Yu
and S.US.
Choi
The role of interfacial layers in the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids: A renovated Maxwell model.
Journal of Nanoparticle Research
5
:167
–171
(2003
).28.
Y.
Xuan
and W.
Roetzel
Conceptions for heat transfer correlation of nanofluids.
International Journal of heat and Mass transfer
43
:3701
–3707
(2000
).29.
B.C.
Pak
and Y.I.
Cho
Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles.
Experimental Heat Transfer an International Journal
11
:151
–170
(1998
).30.
M.A.
Sharafeldin
and G.
Gróf
Experimental investigation of flat plate solar collector using CeO2−water nanofluid
. Energy Conversion and Management
155
:32
–41
(2018
).31.
M.
Ghanbarpour
, E.B.
Haghigi
and R.
Khodabandeh
Thermal properties and rheological behavior of water based Al2O3 nanofluid as a heat transfer fluid.
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
53
:227
–235
. (2014
).32.
P.
Naphon
, P.
Assadamongkol
and T.
Borirak
Experimental investigation of titanium nanofluids on the heat pipe thermal efficiency
. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
35
:1316
–1319
(2008
).33.
I.
Gherasim
, G.
Roy
, C.T.
Nguyen
and D.
Vo-Ngoc
Experimental investigation of nanofluids in confined laminar radial flows
. International Journal of Thermal Sciences
48
:1486
–1493
(2009
).34.
M.
Corcione
Empirical correlating equations for predicting the effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of nanofluids.
Energy Conversion and Management
52
:789
–793
(2011
).35.
H.Y.
Wong
Handbook of essential formulae and data on heat transfer for engineers
. Addison-Wesley Longman Limited
(1977
).36.
J.A.
Duffie
and W.A.
Beckman
Solar engineering of thermal processes
. John Wiley & Sons
(2013
).37.
S.A.
Kalogirou
, S. Karellas K.
Braimakis
, C.
Stanciu
and v.
Badescu
Exergy analysis of solar thermal collectors and processes
. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
56
:106
–137
(2016
).38.
A.A.R.
Darzi
, M.
Farhadi
, K.
Sedighi
, R.
Shafaghat
and K.
Zabihi
Experimental investigation of turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristics of SiO 2/water nanofluid within helically corrugated tubes.
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
39
:1425
–1434
(2012
). 39.
Q.
He
, S.
Zeng
and S.
Wang
Experimental investigation on the efficiency of flat-plate solar collectors with nanofluids
. Applied Thermal Engineering
88
:165
–171
(2015
).40.
D.A.
Stewart
, H.P.
Dudel
and L.J.
Levitt
Solar Radiation in Saudi Arabia
. ARMY MISSILE COMMAND REDSTONE ARSENAL AL WEAPONS SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
(1993
).41.
S.
Farahat
, F.
Sarhaddi
, H.
Ajam
Exergetic optimization of flat plate solar collectors
. Renewable energy
34
:1169
–1174
(2009
).42.
A.M.
Hussein
, K.
Kadirgamma
, M.M.
Noor
and L.K.
Aik
Palm oil based nanofluids for enhancing heat transfer and rheological properties
. Heat and Mass Transfer
54
:3163
–3169
(2018
).43.
K.A.
Mohammed
, A.F.
Hameed
and A.M.
Hussein
Nanofluid heat transfer augmentation in a double pipe heat exchanger.
In: AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing LLC
, 2213
(1
):20059
(2020
). 44.
M.S.
Kamel
, F.
Lezsovits
, A.M.
Hussein
, O.
Mahian
and S.
Wongwises
Latest developments in boiling critical heat flux using nanofluids: A concise review
. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
98
:59
–66
(2018
).45.
M.B.
Nejad
, H.A.
Mohammed
, O.
Sadeghi
and S.A.
Zubeer
Influence of nanofluids on the efficiency of Flat-Plate Solar Collectors (FPSC)
. In: E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences
, p 123
(2017
).46.
S.R.
Shamshirgaran
, M.K.
Assadi
, H.H.
Al-Kayiem
and K.V.
Sharma
Investigation of thermal behaviour, pressure drop, and pumping power in a Cu nanofluid-filled solar flat-plate collector
. MATEC Web of Conferences
131
:1
–6
(2017
).47.
H.P.
Garg
and R.K.
Agarwal
Some aspects of a PV/T collector/forced circulation flat plate solar water heater with solar cells
. Energy Conversion and Management
36
:87
–99
(1994
).48.
W.S.
Saric
, H.L.
Reed
and E.B.
White
Stability and transition of three-dimensional boundary layers
. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
35
:413
–440
(2003
).49.
F.M.
White
Advanced Fluid Dynamics
. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc
., New York
, pp. 135
–136
(1991
).50.
N.A.C.
Sidik
, H.A.
Mohammed
, O.A.
Alawi
, S.
Samion
A review on preparation methods and challenges of nanofluids.
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
54
:115
–125
(2014
).51.
A.F.
Niwalkar
, J.M.
Kshirsagar
, K. Kulkarni Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in shell and helically coiled tube heat exchanger using SiO2/ water nanofluids
. Materials Today: Proceedings
18
:947
–962
(2019
).52.
O.
Mahian
, A.
Kianifar
, A.Z.
Sahin
, S.
Wongwises
Heat transfer, pressure drop, and entropy generation in a solar collector using SiO2/water nanofluids: effects of nanoparticle size and pH
. Journal of Heat Transfer
137
:61011
(2015
).53.
A.A.R.
Darzi
, M.
Farhadi
, K.
Sedighi
, R.
Shafaghat
and K.
Zabihi
Experimental investigation of turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristics of SiO2/water nanofluid within helically corrugated tubes
. InternationalCommunications in Heat and Mass Transfer
39
:1425
–1434
(2012
).54.
H.
Maddah
, M.
Alizadeh
, N.
Ghasemi
, S.R.W.
Alwi
Experimental study of A2O3/water nanofluid turbulent heat transfer enhancement in the horizontal double pipes fitted with modified twisted tapes.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
78
:1042
–1054
(2014
).55.
J.
Albadr
, S.
Tayal
and M.
Alasadi
Heat transfer through heat exchanger using Al2O3 nanofluid at different concentrations
. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
1
:38
–44
(2013
).56.
S.
Arockiaraj
and P.
Jidhesh
Effect of nano fluids in solar flat plate collector systems
. Int J Eng Comput Sci
5
:18404
–18412
(2016
).57.
W.
Chen
, C.
Zou
and X.
Li
An investigation into the thermophysical and optical properties of SiC/ionic liquid nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector.
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
163
:157
–163
(2017
).58.
K.Y.
Leong
, K.Z.K
Ahmad
, H.C.
Ong
, M.J.
Ghazali
and A.
Baharum
Synthesis and thermal conductivity characteristic of hybrid nanofluids–a review
. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
75
:868
–878
(2017
).59.
A.H.
Elsheikh
, S.W.
Sharshir
, M.E
Mostafa
, F.A.
Essa
and M.K.A.
Ali
Applications of nanofluids in solar energy: A review of recent advances.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
82
:3483
–3502
(2018
). 60.
M.
Mehrali
, E.
Sadeghinezhad
, M.A.
Rosen
, S.T.
Latibari
, M.
Mehrali
, H.S.C.
Metselaar
and S.N.
Kazi
Effect of specific surface area on convective heat transfer of graphene nanoplatelet aqueous nanofluids.
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
68
:100
–108
(2015
).61.
Z.
Said
, M.A.
Sabiha
, R.
Saidur
, A.
Hepbasli
, N.A.
Rahim
, S.
Mekhilef
and T.A.
Ward
Performance enhancement of a flat plate solar collector using titanium dioxide nanofluid and polyethylene glycol dispersant.
Journal of Cleaner Production
92
:343
–353
(2015
).62.
Z.
Said
, M.H.
Sajid
, M.A.
Alim
, R.
Saidur
and N.A.
Rahim
Experimental investigation of the thermophysical properties of AL2O3-nanofluid and its effect on a flat plate solar collector.
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
48
:99
–107
(2013
).63.
L.S.
Sundar
, M.K.
Singh
, V.
Punnaiah
and A.C.M.
Sousa
Experimental investigation of Al2O3/water nanofluids on the effectiveness of solar flat-plate collectors with and without twisted tape inserts.
Renewable energy
119
:820
–833
(2018
).
This content is only available via PDF.
©2023 Authors. Published by AIP Publishing.
2023
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
