Viscoelastic properties of tires compound play a fundamental role into the vehicle dynamics affecting both the vehicle performances and the safety according to different working conditions depending on road roughness and temperature. The knowledge of these properties is usually carried out by means Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) on compound samples suitable for laboratory conditions, which can be specifically produced for the test or extracted from the tire, causing its destruction. In this scenario, the Applied Mechanics research group of the Department of Industrial Engineering at the Federico II has developed an innovative device, called VESevo, capable of providing a smart and non-destructive characterization of the viscoelastic properties of tires tread compound. The patented technology of the VESevo allows the characterization of the Storage Modulus and the Loss Factor thanks to the build-in high-accuracy sensors, which enable the user to carry out many measurements at different conditions and directly in-situ. The possibility to obtain the compounds viscoelastic response by means of a totally non-destructive and non-invasive procedure, opens scenarios of interest in a very broad panorama of applications ranging from the monitoring of the material performance during its whole lifecycle, to the quantitative analysis of products quality and repeatability of production processes. In this work, the authors present the VESevo technology comparing the results to the ones obtained with the standard Dynamic Mechanical Analysis technique.

1.
A.
Lang
and
M.
Klüppel
, “
Influences of temperature and load on the dry friction behaviour of tire tread compounds in contact with rough granite
,” in
Wear
, (
2017
), vol.
380–381
, pp.
15
25
.
2.
G.
Carbone
,
B.
Lorenz
,
B. N. J.
Persson
, and
A.
Wohlers
, “
Contact mechanics and rubber friction for randomly rough surfaces with anisotropic statistical properties
,” in
Eur. Phys. J. E
, (July
2009
), vol.
29
, no.
3
, pp.
275
284
.
3.
A.
Genovese
,
F.
Carputo
,
M.
Ciavarella
,
F.
Farroni
,
A.
Papangelo
, and
A.
Sakhnevych
, “
Analysis of multiscale theories for viscoelastic rubber friction
,” in
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
, (
2020
), pp.
1125
1135
.
4.
T.
Tolpekina
,
W.
Pyckhout-Hintzen
, and
B. N. J.
Persson
, “
Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelastic Modulus of Rubber
,” in
Lubricants
, (March
2019
), vol.
7
, no.
3
, p.
22
, Mar. 2019.
5.
A.
Genovese
,
F.
Carputo
,
A.
Maiorano
,
F.
Timpone
,
F.
Farroni
, and
A.
Sakhnevych
, “
Study on the Generalized Formulations with the Aim to Reproduce the Viscoelastic Dynamic Behavior of Polymers
,” in
Appl. Sci.
, (Mar.
2020
), vol.
10
, no.
7
, p.
2321
.
6.
F.
Renaud
,
J.-L. L.
Dion
,
G.
Chevallier
,
I.
Tawfiq
, and
R.
Lemaire
, “
A new identification method of viscoelastic behavior: Application to the generalized Maxwell model
,” in
Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
, (April
2011
), vol.
25
, no.
3
, pp.
991
1010
.
7.
A.
Genovese
,
G. A.
D’Angelo
,
A.
Sakhnevych
, and
F.
Farroni
, “
Review on friction and wear test rigs: An overview on the state of the art in tyre tread friction evaluation
,” in
Lubricants
, (September
2020
), vol.
8
, no.
9
, p.
91
.
8.
A.
Le Gal
and
M.
Klüppel
, “
Investigation and modelling of rubber stationary friction on rough surfaces
,” in
J. Phys. Condens. Matter
, (
2008
), vol.
20
, no.
1
.
9.
K. P.
Menard
,
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: A Practical Introduction, Second Edition
. (
CRC Press
,
2008
).
10.
A.
Sakhnevych
,
A.
Genovese
,
A.
Maiorano
,
F.
Timpone
, and
F.
Farroni
, “
An ultrasound method for characterization of viscoelastic properties in frequency domain at small deformations
,” in
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci.
, (May
2021
), p.
095440622110057
.
11.
F.
Lionetto
,
F.
Montagna
, and
A.
Maffezzoli
, “
Ultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysis of polymers
,” in
Appl. Rheol.
, (
2005
), vol.
15
, no.
5
, pp.
326
335
.
12.
A.
Genovese
and
S. R.
Pastore
, “
Development of a portable instrument for non-destructive characterization of the polymers viscoelastic properties
,” in
Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
, (March
2021
), vol.
150
, p.
107259
.
13.
J. W.
Schultz
, “Dielectric Spectroscopy in Analysis of Polymers,” in
Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
(
John Wiley & Sons
,
Chichester, UK, Ltd
,
2000
).
14.
L.
Romano
,
F.
Timpone
,
F.
Bruzelius
and
B.
Jacobson
, “
Rolling, tilting and spinning spherical wheels: Analytical results using the brush theory
,” in
Mechanism and Machine Theory
, (
2022
),
l173
,
104836
.
15.
D.
Tangredi
,
R.
Iervolino
, and
F.
Vasca
, “
Consensus stability in the hegselmann-krause model with coopetition and cooperosity
,” in
20th IFAC World Conference 2017
, (
2017
), pp.
12426
12431
.
16.
R.
Iervolino
,
S.
Trenn
, and
F.
Vasca
,. “
Stability of piecewise affine systems through discontinuous piecewise quadratic Lyapunov functions
,” in
2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)
(December
2017
), pp.
5894
5899
.
17.
R.
Iervolino
,
D.
Tangredi
, and
F.
Vasca
, “
Piecewise quadratic stability of consensus in heterogeneous opinion dynamics
,” in
2016 European Control Conference (ECC)
,(June
2016
), pp.
549
554
.
18.
F.
Timpone
,
F.
Farroni
, and
A.
Sakhnevych
, “
Snap button device for non-destructive characterization of materials
,” PCT/I2019/050858,
2019
.
19.
R. S.
Lakes
,
Viscoelastic materials
(
Cambridge University Press
,
2009
).
20.
R. S.
Lakes
, “
Viscoelastic measurement techniques
,” in
Review of Scientific Instruments
, (April
2004
), vol.
75
, no.
4
. pp.
797
810
.
21.
D. W. van.
Krevelen
,
Properties of polymers: their correlation with chemical structure; their numerical estimation and prediction from additive group contributions
(
Elsevier
,
1997
).
22.
J. D.
Ferry
,
Viscoelastic properties of polymers
(
1980
).
23.
R. F.
Landel
, “
A Two-Part Tale: The WLF Equation and Beyond Linear Viscoelasticity
,” in
Rubber Chem. Technol.
, (July
2006
) vol.
79
, no.
3
, pp.
381
401
.
24.
L.
Wang
and
X.
Liu
, “
Characterization of viscoelastic materials by quasi-static and dynamic indentation
,” in
Meas. Sci. Technol.
, (
2014
) vol.
25
, no.
6
.
25.
F.
Farroni
,
A.
Genovese
,
A.
Maiorano
,
A.
Sakhnevych
, and
F.
Timpone
, “Development of an Innovative Instrument for Non-destructive Viscoelasticity Characterization: VESevo,” in
Mechanisms and Machine Science
, (
Springer
,
2021
), vol.
91
, pp.
804
812
.
26.
I. N.
Sneddon
, “
The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile
,” in
Int. J. Eng. Sci.
, (May
1965
), vol.
3
, no.
1
, pp.
47
57
.
27.
C. C.
White
,
M. R.
Vanlandingham
,
P. L.
Drzal
,
N. K.
Chang
, and
S. H.
Chang
, “
Viscoelastic characterization of polymers using instrumented indentation. II. Dynamic testing
,” in
J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys.
, (July
2005
) vol.
43
, no.
14
, pp.
1812
1824
.
28.
A.
Sackfield
and
D.
Hills
, “
A note on the hertz contact problem: A correlation of standard formulae
,” in
J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des.
, (July
1983
) vol.
18
, no.
3
, pp.
195
197
.
29.
H.
Hertz
, “
Miscellaneous Papers
,” in
Arch. Androl.
, (
1983
), vol.
11
, no.
3
, pp.
197
222
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.