The thyroid gland considers as largest gland in the body located below the voice box secreted two hormones thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine. These hormones are necessary for performing various functions of the body. In India, 1.21 billion people are believed to suffer from thyroid dysfunction and their prevalence is higher in females than male. Thyroid disorder causes various complications to the females like infertility and subfertility in reproductive females and pregnancy causes abortion as well as intellectual impairment to the fetus. Bone mineral density decrease in menopausal females as a result of deficiency of estrogen and other hormones which are responsible to affect bone metabolism this can be thyroid hormones in addition to sex steroids. Evaluation of total T3, T4 and TSH was done by using Architect system. A chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) was used to quantitatively evaluate total T3(TT3), total T4(TT4) and TSH in human serum and plasma.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
S.
Reza
. Mediaplex publisher & Distributor: Dhaka
; 2011
.3.
A.
Sharma
, S.
Devi
, K.
Singh
and P.K.
Prabhakar
, Asian. J. Pharma. Clin. Res.
65-8
, (2018
).4.
P.P.
Kumar
, Int. J. Green Pharm.
. 11
(2017
).5.
T.
Andreali
, C.
Carpenter
, C.
Bannet
and F.
Plum
, Cecil Textbook of Medicine
, 4th Edition Philadelphia: (WB Saunder & Co
) 1997
:952
-3
.6.
J.
Griffin
and S.
Ojeda
. 122 Textbook of Reproductive Medicine.
(1993
):355
:121
.7.
R.
Murry
, P.
Gerner
, P.
Mays
and V.
Rodwell
. Harper’s Textbook of Biochemistry. Appleton & Lange
: Stanford
. 2000
.8.
A.G.
Unnikrishnan
and U.V.
Menon
. Ind. J. Endo. Metabolism.
; 15
(2011
).9.
J.
Singh
, P.K. Prabhakar
and
, N.
Neupane
. Asian. J. Pharma. Clin. Res.
13
(2020
)10.
J.
Wilson
, D.
Foster
, H.
Kronenberg
and P.
Larsen
. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology
9th
edition WB. Saunders Company
. 1998
11.
N.
Kochupillai
. Current Sci.
; 79
:1061
–7
(2000
).12.
P.W.
Ladenson
, P.A.
Singer
, K. B.
Ain
, N., Bagchi
, S.T.
Bigos and E.G. Levy. Arch. Int. Med.
160
:1573
–5
(2000
).13.
A.R.
Abidia
and P.K.
Prabhakarb
. Plant Arch.
20
:3175
–82
(2020
).14.
X.Y.
Cao
, X.Y.
Jiang
, Z.H.
Dou
, M.A.
Rakeman
, M.L.
Zhang
and K.
O’Donnell
. New Eng. J. Med.
331
:1739
–44
(1994
).15.
G.
Escobar
Morreale. J. Ped. End & Metabolism: JPEM.
14
:1453
–62
(2001
).16.
A.L.
Dowling
, E.A.
Iannacone
, R.T.
Zoeller
, Endocrinology.
142
:390
–9
(2001
).17.
G.
Mirabella
, D.
Feig
, E.
Astzalos
, K.
Perlman
, J. Rovet, J. Ped. Endo. Metabol.
13
:191
–4
(2000
).18.
G. Morreale
de Escobar
, Ma. Jesús
Obregón
, Escobar del Rey
, F.
, The J Clin End & Metabol.
85
:3975
-87
(2000
).19.
P.
Piosik
, M.
Van Groenigen
, J.
Van Doorn
and F.
Baas
, J. Vijlder, Endocrinol.
138
:5
–11
(1997
).20.
T.
Vulsma
, M.H.
Gons
and J.J.
Vijlder
, New. Engl. J. Med.
321
:13
–6
(1989
).21.
C.M.
Lebrun
, S.M.
Joyce
, N.W.
Constantini
, Endocrinology of physical activity and sport
: Springer
; 2013
. p. 281
–322
.22.
23.
J.L.
Vanheest
, C.E.
Mahoney
and C.D.
Rodgers
, The Endo. Sys. Sport. Exer.
250
–60
(2005
).24.
T.
Bjoro
, J.
Holmen
, O.
Krüger
, K.
Midthjell
, K.
Hunstad
and T.
Schreiner
, Europ. J. Endocrinol.
143
:639
–47
(2000
).25.
C.
Wang
and L.M.
Crapo
. Endocrinol & Metabol Clinics.
26
:189
–218
(1997
).26.
D.
Glinoer
. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.
43
:202
–3
(2000
).27.
H.
Kurioka
, K.
Takahashi
, K.
Miyazaki
. Endocrine journal.
52
:587
–91
(2005
).28.
R.
Osathanondh
, D.
Tulchinsky
, I.J.
Chopra
. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
42
:98
–104
(1976
).29.
M.
Imaizumi
, A.
Pritsker
, M.
Kita
, L.
Ahmad
, P.
Unger
, T.
Davies
. Endocrinol.
142
:823
–9
(2001
).30.
31.
J.M.
Zigman
, S.E.
Cohen
, J.R.
Garber
. Thyroid.
13
:1169
–75
(2003
).32.
S.D.
Harlow
, M.
Gass
, J.E
Hall
, R.
Lobo
, P.
Maki
, R.W.
Rebar
. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
97
:1159
–68
(2012
).33.
B.
Kumari
, J.
Lakhanpal
. Eur. j. mol.
7
(2020
).34.
C.
Johannes
, S.
Crawford
, C.
Longcope
, S.
McKinlay
. Clin. Consult. Obstet. Gyncecol.
8
:9
–20
(1996
).35.
E.S.
Mitchell
, N.F.
Woods
, A.
Mariella
. Menopause
(New York, NY
). 7
:334
–49
(2000
).36.
B.J.
Van Voorhis
, N.
Santoro
, S.
Harlow
, S. L.
Crawford
, J. Randolph. Obstet. Gynecol.
112
:101
(2008
).37.
L.
Dennerstein
, E.
Dudley
, H.
Burger
. Fertil. Steril.
76
:456
–60
(2001
).38.
L.
Dennerstein
, E.C
Dudley
, J.L
Hopper
, J.R
Guthrie
, H.G
Burger
. Obstet. Gynecol.
96
:351
–8
(2000
).39.
N.F.
Woods
, E.S.
Mitchell
. Am. J. Med.
118
:14
–24
(2005
).40.
41.
J.E.
Hall
, H.B.
Lavoie
, E.E.
Marsh
, K.A.
Martin
. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
85
:1794
–800
(2000
).42.
A.
Berent-Spillson
, C.C.
Persad
, T.
Love
, A.
Tkaczyk
, H.
Wang
, N.K.
Reame
. Menopause
. 17
:692
(2010
).43.
E.
Diamanti-Kandarakis
, I.
Lambrinoudaki
, F.
Economou
, M.
Christou
, C.
Piperi
, A.G.
Papavassiliou
. Menopause.
17
:1182
–7
(2010
).44.
45.
P.A.
Newhouse
, J.
Dumas
, H.
Wilkins
, E.
Coderre
, C.K.
Sites
, M.
Naylor
. Menopause.
17
:860
(2010
).46.
K.A.
O’Connor
, R.
Ferrell
, E.
Brindle
, B.
Trumble
, J.
Shofer
, D.J.
Holman
. Menopause.
16
:1178
(2009
).47.
N.
Panay
, F.
Al-Azzawi
, C.
Bouchard
, S.
Davis
, J.
Eden
, I.
Lodhi
. Climacteric.
13
:121
–31
(2010
).48.
K.J.
Bryan
, J.C.
Mudd
, S.L.
Richardson
, J.
Chang
, H.G.
Lee
, X.
Zhu
. Journal of neurochemistry.
112
:870
–81
(2010
).49.
A.S.
Kåss
, T.E.
Lea
, P.A
Torjesen
, H.C.
Gulseth
, O.T.
Førre
. Scand. J. Rheumatol.
39
:109
–17
(2010
).50.
C.
Lord
, V.
Engert
, S.J.
Lupien
, J.C.
Pruessner
. Menopause.
17
:846
–51
(2010
).51.
M.
Wiacek
, W.
Hagner
, I.Z.
Zubrzycki
. Menopause.
18
:60
–6
(2011
).52.
J.D
Davis
, A.
Podolanczuk
, J.E.
Donahue
, E.
Stopa
, J.V.
Hennessey
, L.G.
Luo
. Curr. Aging Sci.
1
:175
–81
(2008
).53.
S.
Sözay
, Y.
Gökçe-Kutsal
, R.
Celiker
, T.
Erbas
, O.
Başgöze
. Thyroidology.
6
:55
–9
(1994
).
This content is only available via PDF.
©2023 Authors. Published by AIP Publishing.
2023
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
