Bioactive coumarin crude mixture extraction from crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil by microwave-assisted extraction

Mangroves have crucial roles in the coastal ecosystem and human life. It provides a place and shelter for marine biota to reproduce and live, prevent abrasion, prevent seawater intrusion and many more. Indonesia is the largest mangrove habitat globally, with a population of more than 20% of the world’s total mangrove population. Calophyllum is one of the mangrove’s genera. Genus Calophyllum consists of nearly 187 species, 179 distributed in the Indo-Malaysia Region, with C. inophyllum (nyamplung) being the most important species due to its economic values and usability of all of the plant parts. Due to its bioactive compound and high oil contents, it can be used as traditional medicine and biodiesel feedstock. One bioactive compound that has been identified is coumarin. It is a bioactive compound with many health benefits like antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. A few studies have discussed the extraction of coumarin compounds by more advanced methods of environmental-friendly solvents. This research was conducted by extracting bioactive coumarin mixture with a more advanced extracti on method, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with environmental-friendly solvent, ethanol-water combined with n-hexane. This study aims to extract bioactive coumarin mixture by microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method with ethanol-water combined with n-hexane as solvents, to investigate the optimum conditions for extraction, and to study the yield, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compound (TPC) extracted under optimum conditions. Determination of optimum conditions is carried out by one factor at a time (OFAT) method with variable concentrations of ethanol 30%, 70%, 90%, and 96%, microwave power 150W, 300W, and 450W, and time extraction of 3 min, 6 min, and 9 min. From the result of the conducted study, it is concluded that the optimum conditions to extract bioactive coumarin crude mixture from nyamplung oil are 90% of ethanol concentration, 150W of microwave power, and 6 min irradiation time with DPPH inhibition percentage of 43.92%, and TPC value of 119.54 mgGAE /gr extract. From the results obtained, it is expected that nyamplung can be utilized as a natural antiseptic, disinfectant, food additive, health supplement, and medicine in the future, so it can help to create a healthy and prosperous life for Indonesia also increase public awareness of the importance of mangrove conservation.