Energy spectra of high energy cosmic ray nuclei and interaction studies from JACEE experiments are described with a particular emphasis on the energy region close to the ‘‘Knee’’ (100–1000 TeV/nucleus) and high density nucleus–nucleus interactions. Heavy ion studies with a magnetic emulsion chamber with accelerator beams (EMU05 experiments) are also discussed to illustrate some outstanding issues on high and low PT phenomena and on isospin symmetries.

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