Insomnia is a sleep disorder described as having a failure to sleep, stay asleep, and fall asleep again when waking up at improper time. This review is about the basic knowledge of Insomnia and the introduction of the pharmacology of two corresponding drugs-Zolpidem and Ramelteon. Zolpidem, with the brand name “Ambien,” is a non-benzodiazepine and works like Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid to inhibit neurotransmission activities throughout the nervous system, thereby bringing sedative effects to the brain. Ramelteon, also called “Rozerem,” functions as melatonin and attaches to the melatonin receptors on the Suprachiasmatic nucleus to block the neuronal firing and induce sleepiness. They are both very crucial pats of the sleep market. The research of Insomnia and two drugs-Zolpidem and Ramelteon-strengthens readers’ knowledge about typical sleep disorder and how drugs’ treatments work, as well as digging into the drug market and potential development.
REFERENCES
1.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
. (2016
, October
15). Insomnia
. Mayo Clinic
. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167.2.
Fernandez-Mendoza
, J.
, & Vgontzas
, A. N.
(2013
, December
). Insomnia and its impact on physical and mental health
. Current psychiatry reports
. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972485/.3.
Vgontzas
, A. N.
, Liao
, D.
, Pejovic
, S.
, Calhoun
, S.
, Karataraki
, M.
, Basta
, M.
, Fernández-Mendoza
, J.
, & Bixler
, E. O.
(2010
, September
). Insomnia with short sleep duration and mortality: The Penn State cohort
. Sleep
. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938855/.4.
Bhaskar
, S.
, Hemavathy
, D.
, & Prasad
, S.
(2016
). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities
. Journal of family medicine and primary care
. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5353813.5.
Leger
, D.
, & Poursain
, B.
(2005
). An international survey of insomnia: under-recognition and under-treatment of a polysymptomatic condition
. Current medical research and opinion
, 21
(11
), 1785
–1792
.6.
Insomnia overview: Epidemiology, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, diagnosis and monitoring, AND Nonpharmacologic Therapy
. AJMC. (n.d.). https://www.ajmc.com/view/insomnia-overview-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-monitoring-and-nonpharmacologic-therapy.7.
Wang
, S.-B.
, Zhong
, B.-L.
, Zhang
, L.
, Ungvari
, G. S.
, Ng
, C. H.
, Li
, L.
, Chiu
, H. F. K.
, Lok
, G. K. I.
, Lu
, J.-P.
, Jia
, F.-J.
, & Xiang
, Y.-T.
(2017
, February 24
). The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis
. PloS one
. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325204/.8.
Zolpidem
. American Chemical Society. (n.d.). https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/molecule-of-the-week/archive/z/zolpidem.html.9.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
. (n.d.). Ramelteon: Medlineplus drug information
. MedlinePlus.
https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605038.html.10.
National Center for Biotechnology Information
(2021
). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5732, Zolpidem
. Retrieved August 2, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Zolpidem.11.
National Center for Biotechnology Information
(2021
). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 208902, Ramelteon
. Retrieved August 2, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ramelteon.12.
Showing metabocard for zolpidem (hmdb0005023)
. Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Zolpidem (HMDB0005023)
. (n.d.). https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0005023.13.
Showing Metabocard for ramelteon (hmdb0015115)
. Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Ramelteon (HMDB0015115)
. (n.d.). https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015115.14.
National Center for Biotechnology Information
. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3958, Lorazepam
. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lorazepam. Accessed Aug. 3, 2021.15.
23, L. updated on O. (n.d.).
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
. PowerOnPowerOff.
https://poweronpoweroff.com/blogs/ingredients/gaba.16.
Zolpidem
. Stepwards. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2021
, from https://www.stepwards.com/?page_id=8039.17.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
. (n.d.). GABRA1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type a receptor subunit ALPHA1 [Homo Sapiens (human)] - gene - NCBI
. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSear ch=2554.18.
Pritchett
, D. B.
, & Seeburg
, P. H.
(n.d.). Γ-Aminobutyric acida receptor α5-subunit creates novel type ii benzodiazepine receptor pharmacology
. Journal of Neurochemistry: official journal of the International Society for Neurochemistry.
https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_2548678.19.
Perrais
, D.
, & Ropert
, N.
(1999
, January 15
). Effect of zolpidem on miniature ipscs and occupancy of postsynaptic gabaa receptors in central synapses
. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6782193.20.
National Center for Biotechnology Information
. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 896, Melatonin
. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Melatonin. Accessed Aug. 4, 2021.21.
Dubocovich
, M. L.
, Rivera-Bermudez
, M. A.
, Gerdin
, M. J.
, & Masana
, M. I.
(2003
). Molecular pharmacology, regulation and function of mammalian melatonin receptors
. Front Biosci
, 8
(10
), 1093
–108
.22.
Kato
, K.
, Hirai
, K.
, Nishiyama
, K.
, Uchikawa
, O.
, Fukatsu
, K.
, Ohkawa
, S.
, … & Miyamoto
, M.
(2005
). Neurochemical properties of ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist
. Neuropharmacology
, 48
(2
), 301
–310
.23.
LaRosa
, J.
(n.d.). Top 6 things to know about the $28 billion sleep market
. Market Research Blog.
https://blog.marketresearch.com/top-6-things-to-know-about-the-28-billion-sleep-market.24.
Gelder
, K. van
. (2021
, May 17
). Sleep economy: Market SIZE Worldwide 2019-2024
. Statista
. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1119471/size-of-the-sleep-economy-worldwide/.25.
Zolpidem tartrate Market 2021 is expected to rise with an IMPRESSIVE CAGR and generate the highest revenue by 2025 with top 20 countries data
. KTVN Channel 2 - Reno Tahoe Sparks News, Weather, Video. (n.d.). https://www.ktvn.com/story/44414671/Zolpidem-Tartrate-Market.26.
Smith launches Ramelteon tablets - UPSHER-SMITH
. Upsher. (2020, December 15
). https://www.upsher-smith.com/news/upsher-smith-launches-ramelteon-tablets/.
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2022 Author(s).
2022
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
