Anxiety can arise as a result of negative interactions between teachers, students, and the school environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of mathematics anxiety on students' mathematics learning achievement by gender. The data for this study comes from PISA 2018 Indonesia, which includes 9,058 students from 329 schools who completed responses for all variables of interest. Multilevel analysis revealed that boys had lower achievement than girls. A negative but significant relationship occured in mathematics anxiety, which indicated that the anxiety affected mathematics achievement. Also, the conception of assessment at school level was found to have a negative effect to mathematics achievement.
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