Characterization of heavy metal in PM_2.5 around industrial estates in the East and West of Surabaya, Indonesia Available to Purchase

The purpose of this study was to characterize heavy metals in PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 µm) in two industrial estates with different activities in East and West Surabaya, Indonesia. Samples of PM_2.5 were collected on Nucleopore polycarbonate filters using a low volume GENT sampler, during 2019-2020. A total of 73 samples were collected. Eighteen elements were measured to study their levels. The average mass concentration of PM_2.5 in.the East and west Surabaya were 18.37±6.06 µg/m³ and 12.72±6.47 µg/m³, respectively. The samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC) using an EEL smoke reflectometer and for elemental concentrations using Ion Beam Analysis (IBA). The average concentration of black carbon in East and West Surabaya is 3.51±1.13 µg/m³ and 2.90±1.62 µg/m³, respectively. The results obtained indicate that in general the concentration of heavy metals in East Surabaya is higher than in West Surabaya. The heavy metals Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb, which are markers of the steel industry in East Surabaya have concentrations of 2.5, 1.5, 4.2, and 9.7 times greater than West Surabaya, respectively. The relatively high levels of heavy metals indicated that the area around the industry is polluted. These results can be used as an early warning and should not be neglected. At the later stage, the data from this research can be developed for the source apportionment studies and health risk assessment. These results can be used as a scientific-based reference for formulating strategies and policies for regional air quality management.