Bacteria with high virulence are generally resistant agents. The ability of resistance to various classes of antibiotics makes Staphylococcus aureus a difficult pathogen to treat. The emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, for example, resulted in increased morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Many pharmacological and pharmacognostic studies are carried out to identify new drugs or to find new structures for the development of therapeutic agents in antibiotic treatment. One approach is to target communication between bacterial cells by means of quorum sensing. Several essential oils obtained from medicinal and aromatic plants have been developed as aromatherapy and treatment of several diseases including cardiovascular, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and cancer. Studies conducted by several researchers have also reported on the antimicrobial ability of essential oils and their chemical components. Ethnobotanically, Indonesian people have used natural plants for health treatment including patchouli plant (Pogostemon cablin, Benth) which produces essential oil, known as patchouli oil. Several studies stated that patchouli oil has antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagen, antithrombotic, antiemetic and cytotoxic activities. Patchouli oil as one of Aceh’s natural resources needs to be explored for its benefits as a natural remedy due to its antimicrobial activity. Based on previous research, Aceh patchouli oil was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus starting from a concentration of 10%. Furthermore, it is necessary to further develop the potential of Aceh patchouli oil as an antibiofilm plant.

Topics
Free radicals, Antimicrobials, Analgesics, Diseases and conditions, Bacteria, Antibiotics, Quorum sensing, Therapeutics, Anti-inflammatory, Pathogens
1.
Bouza
E.
,
Alonso
S.
,
Asensio
A.
,
De Juan
G.
,
García
Lucio
 C.,
Larrosa
C.
,
López-Iglesias
J.
,
Muñoz
P.
,
Sierra
R.
,
Perianes
J.
,
De la
Serna
 J.L.,
Palomo
E.
,
Gracia
D.
2019
.
Information on Nosocomial Infections in the Mainstream Media: An Opinion Document
.
Official Journal of the Spanish Society and Chemotherapy
, Vol.
32
(
2
):
165
–
177
. Epub 2019 Mar 18. PMID: 30880377; PMCID: PMC6441986
Google Scholar
 
2.
Joshi
M.
,
Kaur
S.
,
Kaur
H.P.
 and
Mishra
T.
Nosocomial Infection: Source and Prevention
.
2019
.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
, Vol.
10
(
4
):
1613
–
24
. doi:
https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IntechOpen
, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85638. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/essential-oils-oils-of-nature/essential-oils-and-microbial-communication
Google Scholar
 
3.
Khan Hassan
Ahmed
,
Fatima Kanwal
Baig
,
Riffat
Mehboob
.
2017
.
Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance
.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
, Volume
7
(
5
):
478
–
482
, ISSN 2221-1691. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
4.
Heydarpour
F.
,
Rahmani
Y.
,
Heydarpour
B.
,
Asadmobini
A.
2017
.
Nosocomial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Open-Heart Surgery Patients at Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran
.
GMS Hygiene and Infection Control
, Vol.
12
, ISSN 2196-5226. Available from: doi:
https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000292
. PMID: 28584733; PMCID: PMC5447783
Google Scholar
 
5.
Reffuveille
Fany
,
Jérôme
Josse
,
Quentin
Vallé
,
Céline
Mongaret
 and
Sophie C.
Gangloff
.
2017
.
Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms and their Impact on the Medical Field, The Rise of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
.
IntechOpen
, Chapter
11
. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5772/66380
. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/the-rise-of-virulence-and-antibiotic-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus/staphylococcus-aureus-biofilms-and-their-impact-on-the-medical-field
Google Scholar
 
6.
Piechota
Małgorzata
,
Barbara
Kot
,
Aneta
Frankowska-Maciejewska
,
Agata
Grużewska
,
Agnieszka
Woźniak-Kosek
.
2018
.
Biofilm Formation by Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Hospitalized Patients in Poland
.
BioMed Research International
, Vol.
2018
, Article ID 4657396,
7
pages. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4657396
Google Scholar
 
7.
Hormozi
S.F.
,
Vasei
N.
,
Aminianfar
M.
,
Darvishi
M.
,
Saeedi
A.A.
2018
.
Antibiotic Resistance in Patients Suffering from Nosocomial Infections in Besat Hospital
.
European Journal of Translational Myologi
, Vol.
28
(
3
):
7594
. doi: 10.4081/ejtm.2018.7594. PMID: 30344978. PMCID: PMC6176389
Google Scholar
 
8.
Gnanamani
Arumugam
,
Periasamy
Hariharan
 and
Maneesh
Paul-Satyaseela
.
2017
.
Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach
.
IntechOpen
, Chapter
1
. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5772/67338
. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-/staphylococcus-aureus-overview-of-bacteriology-clinical-diseases-epidemiology-antibiotic-resistance-
Google Scholar
 
9.
Asfour
H.Z.
2018
.
Anti-Quorum Sensing Natural Compounds
.
Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure.
Vol.
6
(
1
):
1
–
10
. doi:
https://doi.org/10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_10_18
. PMID: 30023261; PMCID: PMC6014249
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
10.
B.
Ali
,
N. A.
Al-Wabel
,
S.
Shams
,
A.
Ahamad
,
S. A.
Khan
, and
F.
Anwar
, “
Essential oils used in aromatherapy: a systemic review
,”
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
, vol.
5
, no.
8
, pp.
601
–
611
,
2015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.007
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
11.
Swamy
M. K.
,
Mohd Sayed
Akhtar
,
Uma Rani
Siniah
.
2016
.
Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils Against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Update Review
.
Hindawi Journal.
Vol.
2106
: Article ID 3012462. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/3012462/. Accessed October 30, 2020
Google Scholar
 
12.
Van Beek
T.A.
,
Daniel
Joulain
.
2017
.
The Essential Oil of Patchouli, Pogosteman cablin: A Review
. Available from: https://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal. Accessed October 28, 2020. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169116309509
Google Scholar
 
13.
Dechayont
,
B.
,
Pimnapa
R.
,
Sukrita
P.
,
Khwanchanok
M.
,
Jitpisute
C.
2017
.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth
.
Journal of Botany
, Article ID 8310275
Google Scholar
 
14.
Dzakwan
M.
2008
.
Uji aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri daun nilam (Pogostemon cablin, Benth) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Eschericia coli
.
Jurnal Biomedika
01
:
1
–
3
Google Scholar
 
15.
Liu
,
F.
,
Cao
,
W.
,
Deng
,
C.
,
Wu
,
Z.
,
Zeng
,
G.
 and
Zhou
,
Y.
2016
.
Polyphenoliglycosides isolated from Pogostemoncablin (Blanco) Benth. as novelinfluenza neuraminidase inhibitors
Chemistry Central Journal
10
(
51
):
111
Google Scholar
 
16.
Leid
,
J. G.
 (
2009
).
Bacterial biofilms resist key host defenses
.
Microbe
,
4
,
66
–
70
.
Google Scholar
 
17.
Hall-stoodley
,
L.
,
Costerton
,
J. W.
, &
Stoodley
,
P.
 (
2004
).
bacterial biofilms : from the natural environment to infectious disease
.
Nature Reviews Microbiology
,
2
,
95
–
108
.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro821
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
18.
Rasamiravaka
T.
,
Ngezahayo
J.
,
Pottier
L.
,
Ribeiro
S.O.
,
Souard
F.
,
Hari
L.
, et al
Terpenoids from platostoma rotundifolium (Briq.) A. J. paton alter the expression of quorum sensing-related virulence factors and the formation of biofilm in pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
.
International Journal Molecule Science.
2017
;
18
(
6
):
2
–
22
.
Google Scholar
 
19.
Yamanaka
,
T.
,
Furukawa
,
T.
,
Matsumoto-mashimo
,
C.
,
Yamane
,
K.
,
Sugimori
,
C.
,
Nambu
,
T.
,
Fukushima
,
H.
 (
2009
).
Gene expression profile and pathogenicity of biofilm-forming Prevotella intermedia strain 17
.
BMC Microbiology
,
9
,
1
–
15
.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-11
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
20.
Lindsay
,
D.
, &
Holy
,
A. Von
. (
2006
).
Bacterial biofilms within the clinical setting : what healthcare professionals should know
.
Journal of Hospital Infection
,
63
,
313
–
325
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2006.06.028
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
21.
Nobile
,
C. J.
, &
Mitchell
,
A. P.
 (
2007
).
Microbial biofilms : e pluribus unum
.
Current Biology
,
17
,
349
–
353
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.035
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
22.
Ćirić
,
A. D.
,
Petrović
,
J. D.
,
Glamočlija
,
J. M.
,
Smiljković
,
M. S.
,
Nikolić
,
M. M.
,
Stojković
,
D. S.
, &
Soković
,
M. D.
 (
2019
).
Natural products as biofilm formation antagonists and regulators of quorum sensing functions: A comprehensive review update and future trends
.
South African Journal of Botany
,
120
,
65
–
80
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.09.010
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
23.
Solano
C.
,
Echever
M.
,
Lasa
I.
 (
2014
).
Biofilm dispertion and quorum sensing
:
Current opinion in Microbiology
,
18
,
96
–
104
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2014.02.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2014.02.008
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
24.
Meena
,
M.
,
Swapnil
,
P.
,
Zehra
,
A.
,
Aamir
,
M.
,
Dubey
,
M. K.
,
Patel
,
C. B.
, &
Upadhyay
,
R. S.
 (
2019
).
Virulence factors and their associated genes in microbes
.
New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering
,
181
–
208
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63503-7.00011-5
Google Scholar
 
25.
Abraham
R.
,
La Rudi
,
Arniah
,
La Ode Arham
,
Muna Erna Wati
.
2019
.
Analisis Kualitas Minyak Nilam Asal Kolaka Utara sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan dan Mengembangkan Potensi Tanaman Nilam (Pogostemon sp.) di Sulawesi Tenggara Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Akta Kimindo
). Vol.
4
(
2
):
133
–
144
. Archer N K, Mazaitis M J, Costerton J W, Leid J G, Powers M E, Shirtliff M E. 2011. Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms: Properties, Regulation, and Roles in Human Disease. Virulence, Vol. 2(5): 445–459. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.5.17724
Google Scholar
 
26.
Silalahi
Marina
.
2019
.
Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogosteman cablin
.
Jurnal EduMatSains.
Vol.
4
(
1
):
29
–
40
.
Google Scholar
 
27.
Kandarihi
,
O.
,
Muddarisna
,
N.
 and
Prasetyo
,
I. K.
 (
2015
) ‘Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Berbagai Macam Substansi Pengatur Tumbuh Terhadap Pertumbuhan Awal Stek Tanaman Nilam.
28.
Syahputra
,
M. E.
,
Parasandi
,
D.
 and
Mahfud
,
M.
 (
2017
) ‘
Ekstraksi Minyak Nilam dengan Metode Microwave Hydrodistillation dan Soxhlet Extraction
’,
6
(
2
), pp.
602
–
604
Google Scholar
 
29.
Nasruddin
,
E. M.
Harahap
,
C.
Hanum
,
L. A. M.
Siregar
.
2018
.
Growth and Yield of Patchouli (Pogosteman cablin Benth.) due to Mulching and Method of Fertilizer on Rain-fed Land
.
IOP Conference Series Earth and Enviromental Science (Paper)
. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication. Accessed October 28, 2020
Google Scholar
 
30.
Haryuddin
Wawan
,
Tri
Suhesti
.
2014
.
Karakteristik Morfologi, Produksi dan Mutu 15 Aksesi Nilam
.
Jurnal Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat.
Vol.
25
(
1
).
Google Scholar
 
31.
Manurung
,
T.
2010
Ketua umum ekportir Minyak Atsiri Indonesia
(
The Indonesian Essensial Oil Trade Association/
Indessota
)
Google Scholar
 
32.
Perangin – angin
B.
,
Lubis
M.A.
2017
Identifikasi Kemurnian Minyak Nilam dengan Metode Pengamatan Spektrum Fluoressensi
.
Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian
Vol.
21
(
1
).
Google Scholar
 
33.
Kavanaugh
N.L.
,
Ribbeck
K.
Selected antimicrobial essential oils eradicate Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms
.
Appl Environ Microbiol.
2012
Jun
;
78
(
11
):
4057
–
61
. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07499-11
. Epub 2012 Mar 30. PMID: 22467497; PMCID: PMC3346404
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
34.
Karimi
Ahmad
.
2014
.
Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Patchouli Essential Oil Extracted from Pogosteman cablin [Blanco] Benth. [Lamiaceae]
.
American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information (AENSI) Journal.
Vol.
8
(
7
):
2301
–
2309
.
Google Scholar
 
35.
Diyanti
R. O.
,
Sudarmin
.
2015
.
Sintesis Senyawa Organonitrogen dari Patchouli Alkohol melalui Reaksi Ritter sebagai Antimikroba
.
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Vol.
4
(
3
). Available from: http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/ijcs. Accessed October 30, 2020.
Google Scholar
 
36.
Wei
A.
,
Shibamoto
T.
, “
Antioxidant activities and volatile Contituens of Varios Essensial Oil
”,
Jurnal of Agricultur and Food Chemistry
, Vol.
55
, pp.
1727
–
1742
. (
2007
)
Google Scholar
 
37.
Lin
T.
,
Huang
Y.
,
Liu
P.
,
Chou
C.
,
Chen
Y.
,
Chen
Y.
, et al
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infective Endocarditis in Patients Who Do Not Use Intravenous Drugs : Analysis of Risk Factors and Treatment Outcomes
.
J Microbiol Immunol Infect - Sci
2014
;
1
–
7
Google Scholar
 
38.
Feng
Xue-Xuan.
,
Yu
Xiu-Ting.
,
Li
Wen-Jie.
,
Kong
Song-Zhi.
,
Liu
Yu-Hong.
,
Xie
Zhang.
,
Xian
Yan-Fang.
, Xiao-Jun.,
Zhang
Su
 Zi-Ren.,
Lin
Zhi-Xiu
. (
2014
)
Effects of topical application of patchouli alcohol on the UV-induced skin photoaging in mice
.
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
,
63
,
113
–
123
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2014.07.001
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
39.
Nazzaro
Filomena
,
Florinda
Fratianni
,
Antonio
d’Acierno
,
Raffaele
Coppola
,
Fernando Jesus
Ayala-Zavala
,
Adriano Gomez
da Cruz
 and
Vincenzo
De Feo
 (
March
29
th
2019
).
Essential Oils and Microbial Communication, Essential Oils - Oils of Nature, Hany A. El-Shemy
,
IntechOpen
, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85638
.
Google Scholar
 
40.
Sutherland
,
I. W.
 (
2001
).
Biofilm exopolysaccharides : A strong and sticky framework - Minireview
.
Microbiology
,
147
,
3
–
9
.
https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-1-3
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
41.
O’Grady
,
N. P.
,
Alexander
,
M.
,
Burns
,
L. A.
,
Dellinger
,
E. P.
,
Garland
,
J.
,
Heard
,
S. O.
,
Lipsett
,
P. A.
,
Masur
,
H.
,
Mermel
,
L. A.
,
Pearson
,
M. L.
,
Raad
,
I. I.
,
Randolph
,
A. G.
,
Rupp
,
M. E.
,
Saint
,
S.
,
HICPAC
. (
2011
).
Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections
.
Clinical Infection Disease
,
52
,
162
–
193
.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir257
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
42.
Tarver
,
T.
 (
2009
).
Biofilms: A threat to food safety
.
Foodtechnology
,
2
,
46
–
52
.
Google Scholar
 
43.
Nuryani
,
Y.
Emmyzar
,
Wahyudi
,
Nilam Perbenihan dan Budidaya Pendukung Varietas
Unggul
.
Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan dan Perkebunan
.
2007
.
Google Scholar
 
This content is only available via PDF.
©2023 Authors. Published by AIP Publishing.
2023
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.