Activated carbon is the porous form of carbon. It has variety of applications like purification of drinking water,air purifications, gas purification, chromatographic separation, in agricultural feedstock, in treatment of waste water and inmedical field for the treatment of poisoning or overdoses, kidney health, intestinal gas, diarrhoea and oral health. These applications of activated carbon do not only take care of environment but also the human health. The main property of activated carbon behind all these applications is “Adsorption”. Due to the varied applications of activated carbon, it has very high demand. But, at the same time it is very important to prepare cost effective activated carbon as the commercial activated carbon available in market is costlier. Hence, the production of low cost activated carbon from different natural raw materials is the need of present and future. This study reviews the different methods for preparation of Activated carbon from different natural raw materials by using activating agents, method of activation and condition of activation. The aim of this paper is to use low cost and naturally available raw materials as a precursor for preparation of activated carbon which can take care of environmental pollution as well as human health.

1.
M. R.
Singh
and
A.
Gupta
,
Water Pollution-sources, effects and control 321289637
(
2016
).
2.
A. K.
Dwivedi
,
Researches in Water Pollution: A Review
.
International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences
,
4
,
118
142
(
2017
).
3.
S.
Sharma
and
A.
Bhattacharya
,
Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques
,
Applied Water Science
,
7
,
1043
1067
(
2017
).
4.
W. C.
Wanyonyi
,
J. M.
Onyari
and
P. M.
Shiundu
,
Adsorption of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Roots of Eichhornia crassipes: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies
,
Energy Procedia
,
50
,
862
869
(
2014
).
5.
M. N.
Rashed
, “Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater”
Book chapter-7, Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment
(
Intechopen
,
2013
).
6.
H.
Marsh
and
F. R.
Reinoso
, “Activated Carbon”,
production and reference material, chapter-9
, (
Elsevier
,
2006
),pp.
454
508
.
7.
J.
Mckey
,
M. S.
Otterburn
and
A. G.
Sweeney
,
Fullers earth and fired clay as adsorbents for dyestuff
.
Water, Air, Soil Pollut
,
2
, (
1980
).
8.
M. D.
Azam
,
B. H.
Hameed
and
A. L.
Ahmad
,
Batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical activated coconut shell
,
J. hazard. Mater
,
161
,
1522
1529
(
2009
).
9.
J. M. V.
Nabais
,
C.
Laginhas
,
M. M. L. R.
Carrott
,
P.J.M.
Carrott
,
J. E. C.
Amoros
, and
A.V. N.
Gisbert
,
Surfaceand porous characterisation of activated carbon made from a novel biomass precursor, the esparto grass
,
AppliedSurface Science
,
265
,
919
924
(
2013
).
10.
S.
Ragan
and
N.
Megonnell
,
Activated carbon from renewable resources-lignin, Cellulose
,
Chem. and Technol
,
45
(
7-8
),
527
531
(
2011
).
11.
Z.
Mahmood
,
M.
Yameen
,
M.
Jahangeer
,
M.
Riaz
,
A.
Ghaffar
and
I.
Javid
, Lignin as Natural Antioxidant Capacity, Intechopen, chapter-8,
181
205
(
Intechopen
,
2018
).
12.
V. N.
Gardare
,
S.
Yadav
,
D. N.
Avhad
and
V. K.
Rathod
,
Preparation of adsorbent using sugarcane bagasse by chemical treatment for the adsorption of methylene blue
,
Desalination and Water Treatment
(
2014
).
13.
B. M. W. P. K.
Amarasinghe
and
R. A.
Williams
,
Tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from wastewater
,
Chemical Engineering Journal
,
132
,
299
309
(
2007
).
14.
Geography and you report. [Internet]
. [cited 22 May 2018]. Available from: https://geographyandyou.com/category/agriculture/|
15.
I. R.
Gutierrez
,
A. K.
Tovar
and
L. A.
Godínez
, Sustainable Sorbent Materials Obtained from Orange Peel as an Alternative for Water Treatment, Intechopen, Chapter 11, (
Intechopen
,
2018
), pp.
201
218
.
16.
E.
Yusmartini
,
D.
Setiabudidaya
,
Ridwan, Marsi and Faizal, Preparation of Activated Carbons from Coconuts Shell for Pb (II) Adsorption
,
Advanced Materials Research
,
896
,
149
152
(
2014
).
17.
W.
Astuti
,
R. A.
Hermawan
,
H.
Mukti
, and
N. R.
Sugiyono
.
Preparation of activated carbon from mangrove propagule waste by H3PO4 activation for Pb2+ adsorption
,
AIP Conference Proceedings.
1788
,
030082
(
2017
). DOI- .
18.
H.
Wang
,
R.
Xie
,
J.
Zhang
, and
J.
Zhao
.
Preparation and characterization of distillers’ grain based activated carbon as low cost methylene blue adsorbent: Mass transfer and equilibrium modelling
.
Advanced Powder Technology.
APT-1734 (10 October
2017
).
19.
F. C.
Wu
,
R. L.
Tseng
, and
R. S.
Juang
.
Preparation of activated carbons from bamboo and their adsorption abilities for dyes and phenol
,
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering
,
34
(
9
),
1753
1775
(
1999
). DOI: .
20.
J.
Hayashi
,
T.
Horikawa
,
K.
Muroyama
, and
V.
Gomes
.
Activated carbon from chickpea husk by chemical activation with K2CO3: preparation and characterization, Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials
,
55
,
63
68
(
2002
).
21.
B.
Sivakumar
,
C.
Kannan
,
S.
Karthikeyan
.
Preparation and characterization of activated carbon prepared from Balsamodendron Caudatum wood waste through various activation processes
.
Rasayan Journal
,
5
,
321
327
(
2012
).
22.
J. U. K.
Oubagaranadin
and
Z. V. P.
Murthy
. Activated carbons: classifications, properties and applications,
Chemical Engineering Methods and Technology
, chapter-6, (
Nova Science Publishers
,
2012
), pp.
239
260
.
23.
Suhas
,
P. J. M.
Carrott
, and
M. M. L. R.
Carrott
.
Lignin – from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review
,
Bioresource Technology
,
98
,
2301
2312
(
2007
).
24.
J.
Hayashi
,
A.
Kazehaya
,
K.
Muroyama
, and
A. P.
Watkinson
.
Preparation of activated carbon from lignin by chemical activation
.
Carbon
,
38
,
1873
1878
(
2000
).
25.
M. A.
Bedmohata
,
A. R.
Chaudhari
,
S. P.
Singh
, and
M. D.
Choudhary
.
Adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared by chemical activation of lignin for the removal of methylene blue dye
.
Int. J. Adv. Res. Chem. Sci.
2
,
1
13
(
2015
).
26.
A. R.
Chaudhari
,
S. S.
Mankar
,
A. B.
Kalambe
, and
N. A.
Husain
.
Adsorption of Benzoic Acid by Activated Carbon obtained from Industrial Waste Lignin
.
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology
,
1
,
57
60
(
2015
).
27.
R. A.
Nandanwar
,
A. R.
Chaudhari
,
J. D.
Ekhe
, and
A. C.
Haldar
.
Thermocatalytic Degradation of Industrial Waste lignin to prepare Activated Carbon
.
AIP Conference Proceedings
,
2104
,
020025
(
2019
).
28.
L. Y.
Meng
,
M. G.
Ma
, and
X. X.
Ji
.
Preparation of lignin-based carbon materials and its application as a sorbent
.
Materials
,
12
,
1111
(
2019
).
29.
S. A.
Mohtashami
,
N. A.
Kolur
,
T.
Kaghazchi
,
R. A.
Kesheh
, and
M.
Soleimani
.
Optimization of sugarcane bagasse activation to achieve adsorbent with high affinity towards phenol
.
Turkish Journal of Chemistry
,
42
,
1720
1735
(
2018
).
30.
E.
Mutegoa
,
I.
Onoka
, and
A.
Hilonga
.
Preparation of activated carbon with desired properties throughoptimization of impregnating agent
.
Research Journal in Engineering and Applied Sciences
,
3
(
5
),
327
331
(
2014
).
31.
T. V.
Thuan
,
P. V.
Thinh
,
B. T. P.
Quynh
,
H. T.
Kong
,
D. T. T.
Tam
,
V. N.
Thuan
, and
L. G.
Bach
.
Preparation of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse by chemical activation with zinc chloride: preparation and characterization study
.
Research Journal of Chemical sciences
,
6
,
42
47
(
2016
).
32.
E.
Misran
,
S.
Maulina
,
S. F.
Dina
,
A.
Nazar
, and
S. A.
Harahap
.
Activated carbon production from bagasse and banana stem at various times of carbonization
.
Materials Science and Engineering
,
309
,
012064
(
2018
).
33.
Z. A.
Ghani
,
M. S.
Yusoff
,
N. Q.
Zaman
,
M. F. M. A.
Zamri
, and
J.
Andas
.
Optimization of preparation conditions for activated carbon from banana pseudo-stem using response surface methodology on removal of color and COD from landfill leachate
.
Waste Management
(
2017
). DOI-
34.
M.
Malhotra
, M.,
S.
Suresh
, and
A.
Garg
.
Tea waste derived activated carbon for the adsorption of sodium diclofenac from wastewater: adsorbent characteristics, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics
.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
, (
2018
). DOI-.
35.
E.
Altintig
,
I.
Acar
,
H.
Altundag
, and
O.
Ozyildirim
.
Production of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk to SupportZn2+ ions
.
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, PSP
,
24
, (
2015
).
36.
A.
Pandiarajan
,
R.
Kamaraj
,
S.
Vasudevan
, and
S.
Vasudevan
.
OPAC (orange peel activated carbon) derived from waste orange peel for the adsorption of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides from water: Adsorption isotherm, kinetic modelling and thermodynamic studies
,
Bioresource Technology
,
261
,
329
339
(
2018
).
37.
T. V.
Thuan
,
B. T. P.
Quynh
,
T. D.
Nguyen
,
V. T. T.
Ho
, and
L. G.
Bach
.
Response surface methodology approach for optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ adsorption using KOH-activated carbon from banana peel
,
Surfaces and interfaces
,
7
,
1
9
(
2016
).
38.
D.
Das
,
D. P.
Samal
, and
B. C.
Meicap
.
Preparation of Activated Carbon from Green Coconut Shell and its Characterization
,
J Chem Eng Pracess Technol
,
6
,
1
7
(
2015
).
39.
M. K. B.
Gratuito
,
T.
Panyathanmaporn
,
R. A.
Chumnanklang
,
N.
Sirinuntawittaya
,
A.
Dutta
.
Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: Optimization using response surface methodology
.
Bioresource Technology
,
99
,
4887
4895
(
2008
).
40.
H. M.
Yang
,
D. H.
Zhang
,
Y.
Chen
,
M. J.
Ran
, and
J. C.
Gu
.
Study on the application of KOH to produce activated carbon to realize the utilization of distiller's grains
.
Earth and environmental science
,
69
,
012051
(
2017
).
41.
Q. S.
Liu
,
T.
Zheng
,
P.
Wang
, and
L.
Guo
.
Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation
.
Industrial Crops and Products
,
31
,
233
238
(
2010
).
42.
S. M. A.
Mahanim
,
I. W.
Asma
,
J.
Rafidah
,
E.
Puad
, and
H.
Shaharuddin
.
Production of Activated Carbon from industrial bamboo wastes
.
Journal of Tropical Forest Science
,
23
(
4
),
417
424
(
2011
).
43.
G.
Ozsin
,
M.
Kilic
,
E. A.
Varol
, and
A. E.
Putun
.
Chemically activated carbon production from agricultural wasteof chickpea and its application for heavy metal adsorption: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies
.
Applied water science
,
56
, (
2019
).
44.
Paryanto
,
W. A.
Wibowo
,
D.
Hantoko
, and
M. E.
Saputro
.
Preparation of activated carbon from Mangrove wasteby KOH chemical activation
.
Material Science and Engineering
,
543
,
012087
(
2019
).
45.
M. R.
Nageeb
.
Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater, Book chapter-7, Organic Pollutants - Monitoring
,
Risk and Treatment, (Intechopen, 2013)
.
46.
T.
Chaiwon
,
P.
Jannoey
, and
D.
Channei
.
Preparation of Activated Carbon from Sugarcane Bagasse Waste for the Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics of Basic Dye
.
Key Engineering Materials
,
751
,
671
676
(
2017
).
47.
A.
Vimalkumar
,
J.
Thilagan
,
K.
Rajasekaran
,
C.
Raja
, and
M. N.
Flora
.
Preparation of activated carbon from mixed peels of fruits with chemical activation (K2CO3) – application in adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution
,
1
13
(
2018
).
48.
P. J.
Rangari
, and
P.
Chavan
.
Preparation of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell. International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET)
,
6
(
7
),
220
225
(
2017
).
49.
L. A. S.
Ribeiro
,
L. A.
Rodrigues
, and
G. P.
Thim
.
Preparation of activated carbon from orange peel and its application for phenol removal
.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER)
,
3
,
123
129
(
2017
).
50.
A.
Kaushik
,
S.
Basu
,
K.
Singh
,
V. S.
Batra
, and
M.
Balakrishnan
.
Activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse ashfor Melanoidins recovery
.
Journal of Environmental Management
,
200
,
29
34
(
2017
).
51.
A.
Cheenmatchaya
, and
S.
Kungwankunakorn
.
Preparation of Activated Carbon Derived from Rice Husk by Simple Carbonization and Chemical Activation for Using as Gasoline Adsorbent
.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development
,
5
,
171
175
(
2014
).
52.
R.
Bisht
,
M.
Agarwal
, and
K.
Singh
.
Methodologies for removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: an overview
.
Interdisciplinary Environmental Review
,
18
,
124
141
(
2017
).
53.
B.
Chouhan
,
P.
Meena
, and
N.
Poonar
.
Effect of Heavy Metal Ions in Water on Human Health
.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER)
,
4
,
30
32
(
2016
).
54.
S.
Hussain
,
K. P.
Anjali
,
S. T.
Hassan
, and
P. B.
Dwivedi
.
Waste tea as a novel adsorbent: A Review
.
Applied Water Science
,
8
,
165
(
2018
).
55.
M. A. M.
Razi
,
A. A.
Gheethi
,
Izzatul
ZAA
.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Textile Wastewater Using Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Carbon
,
International Journal of Engineering & Technology
,
7
,
112
115
(
2018
).
56.
K. J.
Alsadi
, and
N.
Esfandiari
.
Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Sugarcane Bagasse and Application for Mercury Adsorption
.
Pollution
,
5
(
3
),
585
596
(
2019
).
57.
F.
Hanum
,
O.
Bani
, and
L. I.
Wirani
.
Characterization of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk by HCl Activation and Its Application for Lead (Pb) Removal in Car Battery Wastewater
.
Materials Science and Engineering
,
180
,
012151
(
2017
).
58.
W. A.
Gin
,
A.
Jimoh
,
A. S.
Abdulkareem
, and
A.
Giwa
.
Production of Activated Carbon from Watermelon Peel
.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
,
5
,
66
71
(
2014
).
59.
F. S.
Hashem
,
K. M.
Al-qahtani
,
F. F.
Al-Fawzan
, and
M.
Alshabanat
A. Comparative Study on Activated Carbon prepared from various fruit peels
.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
,
5
,
2750
2759
(
2016
).
60.
V. K.
Gupta
,
P.
Carrott
,
M. M. L. R.
Carrott
, and Suhas.
Low-Cost Adsorbents: Growing Approach to Wastewater Treatment—a Review
,
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
,
39
(
10
),
783
842
(
2012
).
61.
M. I.
Inyang
,
B.
Gao
,
Y.
Yao
,
Y.
Xue
,
A.
Zimmerman
,
A.
Mosa
,
P.
Pullammanappallil
,
Y. S.
Ok
, and
X.
Cao
.
A Review of Biochar as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Aqueous Heavy Metal Removal
,
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
(
2015
). DOI- .
62.
T. S.
Hui
, and
M. A. M.
Zaini
.
Potassium hydroxide activation of activated carbon: A commentary
.
Carbon letters
,
16
,
275
280
(
2015
).
63.
B. N.
Thomas
, and
S. C.
George
.
Production of Activated Carbon from Natural Sources
.
Trends in Green Chemistry
,
1
,
1
7
(
2017
).
64.
Z.
Heidarinejad
,
M. H.
Dehghani
,
M.
Heidari
,
Mohsen
H.
,
G.
Javedan
,
I.
Ali
, and
M.
Sillanpaa
.
Production of Activated Carbon from Industrial Bamboo Wastes
.
Environmental Chemistry Letters
(
2011
). DOI- .
65.
H. S.
Min
,
C. C.
Tay
,
H. A.
Aziz
, and
R.
Kanthasamy
.
Agricultural waste materials for activated carbon preparation: review
(
Ideal International E – Publication Pvt. Ltd.
,
2017
), pp.
1
15
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.