In a case-control study, fifty two subjects with COVID-19 were included in the study and 30 gender and age matched apparently healthy individuals were included as control. Vitamin D serum level determined by Mini Vidus, WBC, Lymphocytes and PCV by Swelab. CRP determined manually. SPSS package used for statistical analysis. Vitamin D mean serum level in COVID-19 subjects was significantly lower [P=0.007] than that in control group. Vitamin D mean serum value was lower than normal recommended value in patients with COVID-19. Additionally, the frequency of < 10 ng/ml was 30% in controls, while it was 42% in patients group. When the results stratified on < 20 ng/ml strata, controls show 70%, while patients corresponding value was 81%. The mean serum levels of vitamin D were higher in male compared to female, in smoker as compared to non-smoker and in patients with age of ≥ 50 years. However, the differences not reach significant values. There was inverse correlation between Vitamin D low serum levels and CRP levels indicating a significant association between disease severity and vitamin D serum levels. Serum vitamin D was higher in patients with chronic diseases than that in patients without chronic diseases history, however, the difference not reach significant level.
REFERENCES
1.
A.G.M
Alsamarai
, AAJMS
3
, 1
(2020
).2.
A.G.M.
Alsamarai
, A.H.A.
Alobaidi
, M.M.
Alsamarai
, AAJMS
3
, 151
(2020
).3.
N.
Haider
, P.
Rothman-Ostrow
, A.Y.
Osman
, L.B.
Arruda
, L.
Macfarlane-Berry
, L.
Elton
, M.J.
Thomason
, D.
Yeboah-Manu
, R.
Ansumana
, N.
Kapata
, L.
Mboera
, J.
Rushton
, T.D.
McHugh
, D.L.
Heymann
, A.
Zumla
, and R.A.
Kock
, Front. Public Health
8
, (2020
).4.
J.S.
Mackenzie
, D.W.
Smith
, J.S.
Mackenzie
, and D.W.
Smith
, Microbiol. Aust.
41
, 45
(2020
).5.
J.D.
Almeida
and D.A.J.
Tyrrell
, J Gen Virol
1
, 175
(1967
).6.
7.
D.S.
Hui
, E.I.
Azhar
, T.A.
Madani
, F.
Ntoumi
, R.
Kock
, O.
Dar
, G.
Ippolito
, T.D.
Mchugh
, Z.A.
Memish
, C.
Drosten
, A.
Zumla
, and E.
Petersen
, Int. J Infect Dis
91
, 264
(2020
).8.
WHO
. WHO statement regarding cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China (World Health Organization, January 9, 2020); Emergencies: Novel coronavirus 2019
(World Health Organization
))9.
10.
A.G.M.
Alsamarai
, A.H.A.
Alobaidi
, M.M.
Alsamarai
, AAJMS 3
,159
(2020
).11.
NIH. COVOD-19 treatment guidelines. Therapeutic Management of Adults With COVID-19
. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management/. ]12.
E.D.
Michos
and M.
Cainzos-Achirica
, JAMA Network Open
4
, e210431
(2021
).13.
C.
Annweiler
, M.
Beaudenon
, J.
Gautier
, R.
Simon
, V.
Dubée
, J.
Gonsard
, E.
Parot-Schinkel
, A.
Aidoud
, G.
Albaret
, C.
Annweiler
, A.
Audemard-Verger
, M.
Asfar
, J.
Barré
, F.
Berteau
, G.
Bertoletti
, J.-B.
Beuscart
, A.
Bigot
, S.
Boucher
, E.
Botelho-Nevers
, I.
Bourdel-Marchasson
, A.S.
Boureau
, A.
Brangier
, C.
Brouessard
, M.L.
Bureau
, N.
Cardinaud
, M.
Carles
, K.
Castro-Lionard
, T.
Celarier
, G.
Chapelet
, D.
Chirio
, E.
Clabé
, P.
Codron
, J.
Courjon
, É.
Cua
, M.
Danet-Lamasou
, A.
Decorbez
, M. De La
Chapelle
, E.
Demonchy
, E.
Desvaux
, M.
D'Hautefeuille
, V.
Dubée
, G.
Duval
, B.
Fougère
, P.
Gassie
, N.
Giroult
, O.
Guérin
, R.
Hankard
, M.
Houvet
, S.
Jobard
, C.
Lacout
, A.
Lafargue
, C.
Laubarie-Mouret
, M.
Le Floch
, S.
Le Gentil
, S.
Lléonart
, J.
Loison
, R.
Mahieu
, F.
Maillot
, L.
Martinez
, M.
Mathieu
, A.
Mauclere
, P.
Ménager
, E.
Michel
, T.B.
Nguyen
, R.
Ordonez
, M.
Otekpo
, V.
Pichon
, F.
Poitau
, G.
Pommier
, V.
Rabier
, K.
Risso
, H.
Rivière
, A.
Rouaud
, C.
Roubaud-Baudron
, G.
Sacco
, F.
Scholastique
, E.
Seronie-Doutriaux
, A.
Tchalla
, W.
Trzepizur
, Y.-M.
Vandamme
, and on behalf of the COVIT-TRIAL study
group
, Trials
21
, 1031
(2020
).14.
R.N. dos
Santos
, S.S.
Maeda
, J.R.
Jardim
, M.
Lazaretti-Castro
, R.N. dos
Santos
, S.S.
Maeda
, J.R.
Jardim
, and M.
Lazaretti-Castro
, Arch Endocrinol Metab
64
, 498
(2020
).15.
E.I.
Azhar
, T.A.
Madani
, F.
Ntoumi
, R.
Kock
, O.
Dar
, G.
Ippolito
, T.D.
Mchugh
, Z.A.
Memish
, C.
Drosten
, A.
Zumla
, and E.
Petersen
, Int. Journal Infect. Dis
91
, 264
(2021
).16.
A.R.
Martineau
, D.A.
Jolliffe
, L.
Greenberg
, J.F.
Aloia
, P.
Bergman
, G.
Dubnov-Raz
, S.
Esposito
, D.
Ganmaa
, A.A.
Ginde
, E.C.
Goodall
, C.C.
Grant
, W.
Janssens
, M.E.
Jensen
, C.P.
Kerley
, I.
Laaksi
, S.
Manaseki-Holland
, D.
Mauger
, D.R.
Murdoch
, R.
Neale
, J.R.
Rees
, S. Simpson
Jr
, I.
Stelmach
, G.T.
Kumar
, M.
Urashima
, C.A. Camargo
Jr
, C.J.
Griffiths
, and R.L.
Hooper
, Health Technology Assessment
23
, 1
(2019
).17.
P.
Vo
, C.
Koppel
, J.A.
Espinola
, J.M.
Mansbach
, J.C.
Celedón
, K.
Hasegawa
, M.
Bair-Merritt
, and C.A.
Camargo
. J. Pediatr
203
, 416
(2018
).18.
H.
Brenner
, B.
Holleczek
, and B.
Schöttker
, Nutrients
12
, 2488
(2020
).19.
J.P.
Bilezikian
, D.
Bikle
, M.
Hewison
, M.
Lazaretti-Castro
, A.M.
Formenti
, A.
Gupta
, M.V.
Madhavan
, N.
Nair
, V.
Babalyan
, N.
Hutchings
, N.
Napoli
, D.
Accili
, N.
Binkley
, D.W.
Landry
, and A.
Giustina
, European Eur J Endocrinol
183
, R133
(2020
).20.
R.
Bloom
and R.L.
Modlin
, in Myeloid Cells in Health and Disease (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
, 2017
), pp. 727
–738
.21.
P.K.
Flanagan
, D.
Chiewchengchol
, H.L.
Wright
, S.W.
Edwards
, A.
Alswied
, J.
Satsangi
, S.
Subramanian
, J.M.
Rhodes
, and B.J.
Campbell
, Inflamm. Bowel Dis
21
, 1499
(2015
).22.
D.J.
Baylink
, C.-S.
Chen
, M.E.
Reeves
, J.
Xiao
, C.
Lacy
and H.
Cao
, J Transl Med
18
,322
(2021
).23.
A.
Ahmed
, G.
Siman-Tov
, G.
Hall
, N.
Bhalla
, and A.
Narayanan
, Viruses
11
, 704
(2019
).24.
A.G.
Telcian
, M.T.
Zdrenghea
, M.R.
Edwards
, V.
Laza-Stanca
, P.
Mallia
, S.L.
Johnston
, and L.A.
Stanciu
, Antiviral Res
137
, 93
(2017
).25.
A.
Schögler
, R.J.
Muster
, E.
Kieninger
, C.
Casaulta
, C.
Tapparel
, A.
Jung
, A.
Moeller
, T.
Geiser
, N.
Regamey
, and M.P.
Alves
, European Respiratory Journal
47
, 520
(2016
).26.
P.G.
Barlow
, P.
Svoboda
, A.
Mackellar
, A.A.
Nash
, I.A.
York
, J.
Pohl
, D.J.
Davidson
, and R.O.
Donis
, PLOS ONE
6
, e25333
(2011
).27.
F.M.
Panfili
, M.
Roversi
, P.
D'Argenio
, P.
Rossi
, M.
Cappa
, and D.
Fintini
, J Endocrinol Invest
44
, 27
(2021
).28.
M.T.
Zdrenghea
, H.
Makrinioti
, C.
Bagacean
, A.
Bush
, S.L.
Johnston
, and L.A.
Stanciu
, Reviews in Medical Virology
27
, e1909
(2017
).29.
Y.
Zhang
, D.Y.M.
Leung
, B.N.
Richers
, Y.
Liu
, L.K.
Remigio
, D.W.
Riches
, and E.
Goleva
, J. Immunol
188
, 2127
(2012
).30.
I.
Tsujino
, R.
Ushikoshi-Nakayama
, T.
Yamazaki
, N.
Matsumoto
, and I.
Saito
, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr
65
, 245
(2019
).31.
D.
Parekh
, J.M.
Patel
, A.
Scott
, S.
Lax
, R.C.A.
Dancer
, V.
D'Souza
, H.
Greenwood
, W.D.
Fraser
, F.
Gao
, E.
Sapey
, G.D.
Perkins
, and D.R.
Thickett
, Crit Care Med
45
, 282
(2017
).32.
Rodríguez
, M.E.
Montelongo
, A.
Martínez-Cuazitl
, N.A.V.
Puente
, P.R.
Reyes
, Review Milit Mex.
74
, 1
(2021
).33.
J.
Correale
, M.C.
Ysrraelit
, and M.I.
Gaitán
, J.I. 185
, 4948
(2010
).34.
G.
Griffin
, M.
Hewison
, J.
Hopkin
, R.
Kenny
, R.
Quinton
, J.
Rhodes
, S.
Subramanian
, and D.
Thickett
, R. Soc. Open Sci.
7
, 201912
(2020
).35.
S.
Christakos
, M.
Raval-Pandya
, R.P.
Wernyj
, and W.
Yang
, Biochem J
316
, 361
(1996
).36.
L.
Ferder
, V.M. Martín
Giménez
, F.
Inserra
, C.
Tajer
, L.
Antonietti
, J.
Mariani
, and W.
Manucha
, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
319
, L941
(2020
).37.
M.C.W.
Chan
, J Thorac Dis
5
, S118
(2014
).38.
E.K.
Weir
, T.
Thenappan
, M.
Bhargava
, and Y.
Chen
, Clin Med
20
, e107
(2020
).39.
G.
Chen
, D.
Wu
, W.
Guo
, Y.
Cao
, D.
Huang
, H.
Wang
, T.
Wang
, X.
Zhang
, H.
Chen
, H.
Yu
, X.
Zhang
, M.
Zhang
, S.
Wu
, J.
Song
, T.
Chen
, M.
Han
, S.
Li
, X.
Luo
, J.
Zhao
, and Q.
Ning
, J Clin Invest
130
, 2620
(2020
).40.
S.A.
Fisher
, M.
Rahimzadeh
, C.
Brierley
, B.
Gration
, C.
Doree
, C.E.
Kimber
, A.P.
Cajide
, A.A.
Lamikanra
, and D.J.
Roberts
, PLOS ONE
14
, e0222313
(2019
).41.
C.
Cui
, P.
Xu
, G.
Li
, Y.
Qiao
, W.
Han
, C.
Geng
, D
, Liao
, M.
Yang
, D.
Chen
, and P.
Jiang
, Redox Biol
26
, 101295
(2019
).42.
Y.
Xu
, D.J.
Baylink
, C.-S.
Chen
, M.E.
Reeves
, J.
Xiao
, C.
Lacy
, E.
Lau
, and H.
Cao
, J Transl Med
18
, 322
(2020
).43.
M.
Rahimzadeh
, C.
Brierley
, B.
Gration
, C.
Doree
, C.E.
Kimber
, A.P.
Cajide
, A.A.
Lamikanra
, and D.J.
Roberts
, plos one .
(2019
).44.
P.M.
O'Shea
, T.P.
Griffin
, M.
Brennan
, and E.C.
Mulkerrin
, J Nutr Sci
9
, e40
(2020
).45.
N.
Ali
, Journal of Infection and Public Health
13
, 1373
(2020
).46.
J.P.
Bilezikian
, D.
Bikle
, M.
Hewison
, M.
Lazaretti-Castro
, A.M.
Formenti
, A.
Gupta
, M.V.
Madhavan
, N.
Nair
, V.
Babalyan
, N.
Hutchings
, N.
Napoli
, D.
Accili
, N.
Binkley
, D.W.
Landry
, and A.
Giustina
, Eur J Endocrinol
183
, R133
(2020
).47.
J.
Mariani
, V.M.M.
Giménez
, I.
Bergam
, C.
Tajer
, L.
Antonietti
, F.
Inserra
, L.
Ferder
, and W.
Manucha
, Health Security
(2020
).48.
E.
Cereda
, L.
Bogliolo
, C.
Klersy
, F.
Lobascio
, S.
Masi
, S.
Crotti
, L.
De Stefano
, R.
Bruno
, A.G.
Corsico
, A.
Di Sabatino
, S.
Perlini
, C.
Montecucco
, R.
Caccialanza
, M.
Belliato
, S.
Ludovisi
, F.
Mariani
, A.
Ferrari
, V.
Musella
, C.
Muggia
, G.
Croce
, C.
Barteselli
, J.
Mambella
, and F.
Di Terlizzi
, Clin Nutr
40
, 2469
(2021
).49.
T.A.
Rodríguez
, M.E.
Montelongo
, A.
Martínez-Cuazitl
, N.A.V.
Puente
, P.R.
Reyes
, Rev Sanid Milit Mex.
74
, 1
(2020
).50.
A.A.
Faniyi
, S.T.
Lugg
, S.E.
Faustini
, C.
Webster
, J.E.
Duffy
, M.
Hewison
, A.
Shields
, P.
Nightingale
, A.G.
Richter
, and D.R.
Thickett
, Eur Respir J
57
, 2004234
(2021
).51.
A.
Abdollahi
, H.K.
Sarvestani
, Z.
Rafat
, S.
Ghaderkhani
, M.
Mahmoudi-Aliabadi
, B.
Jafarzadeh
, and V.
Mehrtash
, , Iran. J Med Virol
93
, 2359
(2021
).52.
Z.
Maghbooli
, M.A.
Sahraian
, M.
Ebrahimi
, M.
Pazoki
, S.
Kafan
, H.M.
Tabriz
, A.
Hadadi
, M.
Montazeri
, M.
Nasiri
, A.
Shirvani
, and M.F.
Holick
, PLOS ONE
15
, e0239799
(2020
).53.
R.T.
Pinzon
, Angela
, and A.W.
Pradana
, Trop Med Health
48
, 102
(2020
).54.
M.
Kara
, T.
Ekiz
, V.
Ricci
, Ö.
Kara
, K.-V.
Chang
, and L.
Özçakar
, Br J Nutr
124
, 736
(2020
).55.
W.B.
Grant
, H.
Lahore
, S.L.
McDonnell
, C.A.
Baggerly
, C.B.
French
, J.L.
Aliano
, and H.P.
Bhattoa
, Nutrients
12
, 988
(2020
).56.
K.
Ye
, F.
Tang
, X.
Liao
, B.A.
Shaw
, M.
Deng
, G.
Huang
, Z.
Qin
, X.
Peng
, H.
Xiao
, C.
Chen
, X.
Liu
, L.
Ning
, B.
Wang
, N.
Tang
, M.
Li
, F.
Xu
, S.
Lin
, and J.
Yang
, J Am Coll Nutr
0
, 1
(2020
).57.
CE
Hastie
, DF
Mackay
, F
Ho
, CA
Celis-Morales
, SV
Katikireddi
, CL
Niedzwiedz
, B.D.
Jani
, P.
Welsh
, F.S.
Mair
, S.R.
Gray
, and C.A.
O'Donnell
, Diabetes Metab. Syndr
14
, 561
(2020
).58.
J.L.
Hernández
, D.
Nan
, M.
Fernandez-Ayala
, M.
García-Unzueta
, M.A.
Hernández-Hernández
, M. López-
Hoyos
, P.
Muñoz-Cacho
, J.M.
Olmos
, M.
Gutiérrez-Cuadra
, J.J.
Ruiz-Cubillán
, J.
Crespo
, and V.M.
Martínez-Taboada
, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
(2020
).59.
A.
Jain
, R.
Chaurasia
, N.S.
Sengar
, M.
Singh
, S.
Mahor
, and S.
Narain
, Scientific Reports
10
, 20191
(2020
).60.
P.
Raharusun
, S.
Priambada
, C.
Budiarti
, E.
Agung
, and C.
Budi
, SSRN Journal
(2020
).61.
B.U.
Nwosu
and P.
Kum-Nji
, PLOS ONE
13
, e0205342
(2018
).62.
W.B.
Grant
, C.L.
Wagner
, Nutrients.
(2021
).63.
G.
Panagiotou
, S.A.
Tee
, Y.
Ihsan
, W.
Athar
, G.
Marchitelli
, D.
Kelly
, C.S.
Boot
, N.
Stock
, J.
Macfarlane
, A.R.
Martineau
, G.
Burns
, and R.
Quinton
, Clinical Endocrinology
93
, 508
(2020
).64.
A.
Radujkovic
, T.
Hippchen
, S.
Tiwari-Heckler
, S.
Dreher
, M.
Boxberger
, and U.
Merle
, Nutrients
12
, 2757
(2020
).65.
J.
Mariani
, V.M.M.
Giménez
, I.
Bergam
, C.
Tajer
, L.
Antonietti
, F.
Inserra
, L.
Ferder
, and W.
Manucha
, Health Security
(2020
).66.
C.
Annweiler
, Z.
Cao
, and J.-M.
Sabatier
, jMaturitas
140
, 24
(2020
).67.
P.C.
Ilie
, S.
Stefanescu
, and L.
Smith
, Aging Clin Exp Res
32
, 1195
(2020
).68.
M.S.
Boulkrane
, V.
Ilina
, R.
Melchakov
, J.
Fedotova
, F.
Drago
, L.
Gozzo
, U.N.
Das
, A.M. Abd
El-Aty
, and D.
Baranenko
, Front. Pharmacol.
11
, 604579
(2020
).69.
H.
Yisak
, A.
Ewunetei
, B.
Kefale
, M.
Mamuye
, F.
Teshome
, B.
Ambaw
, and G. Yideg
Yitbarek
, Risk Manag Healthc Policy
14
, 31
(2021
).70.
Z.
Raisi-Estabragh
, C.
McCracken
, M.S.
Bethell
, J.
Cooper
, C.
Cooper
, M.J.
Caulfield
, P.B.
Munroe
, N.C.
Harvey
, and S.E.
Petersen
, J Public Health (Oxf)
42
, 451
(2020
).71.
CE
Hastie
, DF
Mackay
, F
Ho
, CA
Celis-Morales
, SV
Katikireddi
, CL
Niedzwiedz
, B.D.
Jani
, P.
Welsh
, F.S.
Mair
, S.R.
Gray
, and C.A.
O'Donnell
, Diabetes Metab. Syndr
14
, 561
(2020
).72.
N.
Liu
, J.
Sun
, X.
Wang
, T.
Zhang
, M.
Zhao
, and H.
Li
, Int. J Infect Dis.104:58-64
(2021
).73.
J.
Chen
, L.
Xie
, P.
Yuan
, J.
Ma
, P.
Yu
, C.
Zheng
, and X.
Liu
, MedRxiv
2020.10.24.20218974 (2020
).74.
M.
Alipio
, Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with coronavirus-2019 (COVID-2019
). SSRN Electron J.
(2020
).75.
J.
Mercola
, W.B.
Grant
, C.L.
Wagner
, Nutrients.12, 3361
(2020
).76.
77.
78.
C.E.
Hastie
, J.P.
Pell
, and N.
Sattar
, Eur J Nutr
60, 545
(2021
)..79.
E.
Merzon
, D.
Tworowski
, A.
Gorohovski
, S.
Vinker
, A.G.
Cohen
, I.
Green
, and M.
Frenkel-Morgenstern
, The FEBS Journal
287, 3693
(2020
)..80.
D.O.
Meltzer
, T.J.
Best
, H.
Zhang
, T.
Vokes
, V.
Arora
, and J.
Solway
, JAMA Netw Open
3
, e2019722
(2020
).81.
H.W.
Kaufman
, J.K.
Niles
, M.H.
Kroll
, C.
Bi
, and M.F.
Holick
, PLoS ONE
15
, e0239252
(2020
).82.
C.M.
Entrenas
, C.L.M.
Entrenas
, B.J.M.
Vaquero
, D.J.F.
Alcalá
, M.J.
López
, R.
Bouillon
, and J.M.Q.
Gomez
, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol
203
, 105751
(2020
).83.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2020 Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to COVID-19 –second update. Stockholm
, Sweden
: ECDC. See
https://www.ecdc. europa. eu/ sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-social-distancing-measuresgguide-second-update.pdf. Accessed 5 March (2021
).84.
D.
Ganmaa
, B.
Uyanga
, X.
Zhou
, G.
Gantsetseg
, B.
Delgerekh
, D.
Enkhmaa
, D.
Khulan
, S.
Ariunzaya
, E.
Sumiya
, B.
Bolortuya
, J.
Yanjmaa
, T.
Enkhtsetseg
, A.
Munkhzaya
, M.
Tunsag
, P.
Khudyakov
, J.A.
Seddon
, B.J.
Marais
, O.
Batbayar
, G.
Erdenetuya
, B.
Amarsaikhan
, D.
Spiegelman
, J.
Tsolmon
, and A.R.
Martineau
, N Engl J Med
383
, 359
(2020
).85.
L.A.
Burt
, E.O.
Billington
, M.S.
Rose
, D.A.
Raymond
, D.A.
Hanley
, and S.K.
Boyd
, JAMA
322
, 736
(2019
).86.
Scientific advisory committee on nutrition (SACN
). Vitamin D and Health.
2016
. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537616/SACN_Vitamin_D_and_Health_report.pdf (accessed 5 March 2021).
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2022 Author(s).
2022
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
