An extension to previous studies, the model comparison of all five models whereby the consideration of nonlinear models, specifically Gompertz model and Modified Gompertz model, were fit into the social data of Language Learning Strategies (LLS) as its independent variables and its dependent variable, Language Proficiency. A self-report questionnaire called the Strategy inventory for language learning (SILL) was administered to two hundred and thirty pre-university students of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, and their language proficiency was measured using the Malaysian University English Test (MUET). A comparison analysis was done between the three best linear models and the two nonlinear models using these goodness of fit tests and information criterions; root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), residual standard error (RSE), corrected Akaike’s information criterion (AICC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).
REFERENCES
1.
El-Marouf
, S. A. A.
, & Al-Ahmady
, A. A. O.
(2012
). Global Analysis of Tumors and Drugs Model
. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
, 27
(3
), 80
–101
.2.
Wibowo
, W.
, Haryatmi
, S.
, & Budiantara
, I. N.
(2013
). Modeling of Regional Banking Activities Using Spline Multiresponse Semiparametric Regression
. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
, 44
(14
), 391
–398
.3.
Fithriasari
, K.
, Iriawan
, N.
, & Ulama
, B. S. S.
(2013
). On The Multivariate Time Series Rainfall Modeling Using Time Delay Neural Network
. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
, 44
(14
), 193
–201
.4.
Park
, G. P.
, 1997, Language learning strategies and English proficiency in Korean university students
. Foreign Language Annals
, 30
(2
), 211
–221
(1997
).5.
Bremner
, S.
1999
. Language learning strategies and language proficiency: Investigating the relationship in Hong Kong
. Canadian Modern Language Review.
55
(4
), 490
–514
.6.
Magogwe
, J. M.
, and Oliver
, R.
2007
. The relationship between language learning strategies, proficiency, age and self-efficacy beliefs: A study of language learners in Botswana
. System.
35
(3
), 338
–352
.7.
Kiram
, J. J.
, Sulaiman
, J.
, Swanto
, S.
, & Din
, W. A.
, 2014a
. The Relationship between English Language Learning Strategies and Gender among Pre-University Students: An Overview of UMS
. In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES. AIP Publishing
. 1602
, 502
–507
.8.
Kiram
, J. J.
, Sulaiman
, J.
, Swanto
, S.
, & Din
, W. A.
, 2014b
. The relationship between English language learning strategies and proficiency of pre-university students: A study case of UMS
In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 21ST NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (SKSM21): Germination of Mathematical Sciences Education and Research towards Global Sustainability
. AIP Publishing
. 1605
, 775
–780
.9.
Kiram
, J. J.
, Sulaiman
, J.
, Swanto
, S.
, & Din
, W. A.
, 2015a
. Performance of variable selection methods in predicting language proficiency using language learning proficiency
. Applied Mathematical Sciences.
9
(12
), 557
–568
.10.
Kiram
, J.J.
, Sulaiman
, J.
, Swanto
, S.
, & Din
, W.A
, 2015b
. Modeling The Language Learning Strategies And English Language Proficiency Of Pre-University Students: A Study Case Of UMS
. AIP Conf. Proc. 1682
, 050004
.11.
Gompertz
, B.
, 1825
, On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies
. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
, 115
, 513
–583
.12.
Kiram
, J.J.
, Sulaiman
, J.
, Swanto
, S.
, & Din
, W.A.
2014c
. A Gompertz model of the strategy inventory for language learning questionnaire
. Internation Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
, 53
(5
), 212
–219
.13.
Bhaduri
, S.
, Smith
, P. W.
, Palumbo
, S. A.
, Turner-Jones
, C. O.
, Smith
, J. L.
, Marmer
, B. S.
, Buchanan
, R. L.
, Zaika
, L. L.
, & Williams
, A. C.
1991
. Thermal destruction of Listeria monocytogenes in liver sausage slurry
. Food Microbiology.
8
(1
), 75
–78
.14.
Vafaei
, N.
, Ribeiro
, R. A.
, & Camarinha-Matos
, L. M.
2016
. Normalization Techniques for Multi-Criteria Decision Making: Analytical Hierarchy Process Case Study
. In Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems
, 261
–269
.15.
Oxford
, R.
, 1990
, Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know
. New York
: Newbury House
.16.
Chai
, T.
, and Draxler
, R. R.
2014
. Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE)?–Arguments against avoiding RMSE in the literature
. Geoscientific Model Development.
7
(3
):1247
–1250
.17.
Hurvich
, C. M.
, and Tsai
, C. L.
1995
. Model selection for extended quasi-likelihood models in small samples
. Biometrics.
51
:1077
–1084
.18.
Burnham
, K. P.
, and Anderson
, D. R.
2002
. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer Science & Business Media
.19.
Schwarz
, G.
1978
. Estimating the dimension of a model
. The annals of statistics.
6
(2
):461
–464
.20.
Burnham
, K. P.
, and Anderson
, D. R.
2004
. Multimodel inference understanding AIC and BIC in model selection
. Sociological methods & research.
33
(2
):261
–304
.
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2019 Author(s).
2019
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
