Ligno-cellulosic biomass from sustainable sources has been used to produce light weight and high specific surface area (SSA) activated carbons (AC) for a multitude of applications; such as components in energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. While direct conversion from biomass has been studied heavily, such AC with relatively high surface area can be more effectively produced when leveraged as a co-product from a biorefinery. In this paper, we discuss the production of high specific surface area activated carbons from residual fiber (fiber remaining after extraction of C5-sugars) generated as part of a biorefinery. Our work showed that the AC produced from the residual fiber delivered an order of magnitude higher surface area than the one directly from corn pericarp fiber and soy hulls. These AC were evaluated as electrodes in electrical double layer capacitors for energy storage. These results, along with the benefits of using the residual fiber to produce AC, are highlighted in this paper.
REFERENCES
1.
He
, Xiaojun
, Pinghua
Ling
, Moxin
Yu
, Xiaoting
Wang
, Xiaoyong
Zhang
, and Mingdong
Zheng
. “Rice Husk-derived Porous Carbons with High Capacitance by ZnCl2 Activation for Supercapacitors
.” Electrochimica Acta
105
(2013
): 635
–41
. Web.2.
Jain
, Akshay
, Vanchiappan
Aravindan
, Sundaramurthy
Jayaraman
, Palaniswamy Suresh
Kumar
, Rajasekhar
Balasubramanian
, Seeram
Ramakrishna
, Srinivasan
Madhavi
, and M. P.
Srinivasan
. “Activated Carbons Derived from Coconut Shells as High Energy Density Cathode Material for Li-ion Capacitors
.” Scientific Reports Sci. Rep.
3
(2013
): n. pag. Web.3.
Ding
, Jia
, Huanlei
Wang
, Zhi
Li
, Kai
Cui
, Dimitre
Karpuzov
, Xuehai
Tan
, Alireza
Kohandehghan
, and David
Mitlin
. “Peanut Shell Hybrid Sodium Ion Capacitor with Extreme Energy–power Rivals Lithium Ion Capacitors
.” Energy Environ. Sci.
8
.3
(2015
): 941
–55
. Web.4.
Wang
, Huanlei
, Zhanwei
Xu
, Alireza
Kohandehghan
, Zhi
Li
, Kai
Cui
, Xuehai
Tan
, Tyler James
Stephenson
, Cecil K.
King’Ondu
, Chris M. B.
Holt
, Brian C.
Olsen
, Jin Kwon
Tak
, Don
Harfield
, Anthony O.
Anyia
, and David
Mitlin
. “Interconnected Carbon Nanosheets Derived from Hemp for Ultrafast Supercapacitors with High Energy
.” ACS Nano
7
.6
(2013
): 5131
–141
. Web.5.
Lotfabad
, Elmira
Memarzadeh
, Jia
Ding
, Kai
Cui
, Alireza
Kohandehghan
, W. Peter
Kalisvaart
, Michael
Hazelton
, and David
Mitlin
. “High-Density Sodium and Lithium Ion Battery Anodes from Banana Peels
.” ACS Nano
8
.7
(2014
): 7115
–129
. Web.6.
Dale
, R. T.
, Tyne
, W. E.
2006
. Economic and technical analysis of ethanol dry milling: Model description. Purdue University, College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics
.7.
Kwiatkowski
, J. R.
, McAloon
, A. J.
, Taylor
, F.
, Johnston
, D. B.
2006
. Modeling the process and costs of fuel ethanol production by the corn dry-grind process
. Ind Crop Prod.
23
:288
–296
.8.
Tiffany
, D. G.
2007
. Expansion of U.S. biofuels: Production economics and policy. Paper presented at Proceedings of The National Farm Management Conference
, Rochester, MN
.9.
Villegas
, J. D.
, Gnansounou
, E.
2008
. Techno-Economic and environmental evaluation of lignocellulosic biochemical refineries: need for a modular platform for integrated assessment (MPIA
). J. Sci. Ind. Res.
67
:927
–940
.10.
Hurter
, R. E.
2007
. Non-wood fiber raw materials and the biorefinery. TAPPI EPE Conference
, Jacksonville, FL
, October 21-24.11.
Kazi
, F. K.
, Fortman
, J. A.
, Anex
, R. P.
, Hus
, D. D.
, Aden
, A.
, Dutta
, A.
, Kothandaraman
, G.
2010
. Techno-economic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn stover
. Fuel
89
:520
–528
.12.
Cardona
, Carlos
A.
, and Óscar J.
Sánchez
. “Fuel Ethanol Production: Process Design Trends and Integration Opportunities
.” Bioresource Technology
98
.12
(2007
): 2415
–457
.13.
Solomon
, Barry
D.
, Justin R.
Barnes
, and Kathleen E.
Halvorsen
. “Grain and Cellulosic Ethanol: History, Economics, and Energy Policy
.” Biomass and Bioenergy
31
.6
(2007
): 416
–25
.14.
Fonseca
, Dania
A.
, Robert
Lupitskyy
, David
Timmons
, Mayank
Gupta
, and Jagannadh
Satyavolu
. “Towards Integrated Biorefinery from Dried Distillers Grains: Selective Extraction of Pentoses Using Dilute Acid Hydrolysis
.” Biomass and Bioenergy
71
(2014
): 178
–86
. Web.15.
Wang
, Jiacheng
, and Stefan
Kaskel
. “KOH Activation of Carbon-based Materials for Energy Storage
.” Journal of Materials Chemistry
22
(2012
): n. pag. Print.16.
Yoon
, Seong-Ho
, Seongyop
Lim
, Yan
Song
, Yasunori
Ota
, Wenming
Qiao
, Atsushi
Tanaka
, and Isao
Mochida
. “KOH Activation of Carbon Nanofibers
.” Carbon
42
(2004
): 1723
–729
. Print.17.
Reece
, Jane
B.
, Lisa A.
Urry
, Michael L.
Cain
, Steven Alexander
Wasserman
, Peter V.
Minorsky
, Rob
Jackson
, and Neil A.
Campbell
. Campbell Biology
. 10th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings
, 2013
. Print.18.
Ahmadpour
, A.
, and D. D.
Do
. “The Preparation of Active Carbons from Coal by Chemical and Physical Activation
.” Carbon
34
.4
(1996
): 471
–79
. Print.19.
Lillo-Rodenas
, M. A.
, D.
Cazorla-Amoros
, and A.
Linares-Solano
. “Understanding Chemical Reactions between Carbons and NaOH and KOH An Insight into the Chemical Activation Mechanism
.” Carbon
41
(2003
): 267
–75
. Print.
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2018 Author(s).
2018
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
