The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Kappaphycus alvarezii obtained from Langkawi, Kedah and Semporna, Sabah were evaluated. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts were determined according to the Folin Ciocalteau method and results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by three methods namely Free Radical Scavenging Activity (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). Both of the TPC and FRAP assays showed that seaweed from Semporna, Sabah significantly (p<0.05) had higher antioxidant activities compared to Langkawi, Kedah one (Semporna’s seaweed: 73.25 mg GAE/100g and 16.94 µmol TE/100g, Langkawi’s seaweed: 54.35 mg GAE/100g and 10.01 µmol TE/100 g). However, the seaweed from Langkawi (60.93 µmol TE/100g) show higher TEAC value compared to seaweed from Semporna (36.36 µmol TE/100g) but for DPPH assay there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the samples. Pearson coefficient correlation test, showed that there was a positive correlation (p<0.01) between TPC and antioxidant activity (FRAP assay) (r=0.980) and thus it can be concluded that the phenolic compounds was a contributor of the antioxidant activity in Kappaphycus alvarezii.

Topics
Educational assessment, Free radicals, Covariance and correlation
1.
H.J.
 
Kim
 and
D.B.
 
Min
, “Chemistry of Lipid Oxidation”, in
Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology
, edited by
C.C.
 
Akoh
,
D.B.
 
Min
 (
CRC Press
,
Boca Raton
,
2008
), pp.
299
.
Google Scholar
 
2.
S.J.
 
Jadhav
,
S.S.
 
Nimbalkar
,
A.D.
 
Kulkarni
 and
D.L.
 
Madhavi
, “Lipid Oxidation in Biological and Food systems”, in
Food Antioxidants: Technological, Toxicological and Health Perspectives
, edited by
D.L
 
Madhavi
,
S.S.
 
Deshpande
 and
D.K.
 
Salunkhe
 (
Marcel Dekker Incorporation
,
New York
,
1996
), pp.
5
–
6
.
Google Scholar
 
3.
F.
 
Shahidi
 and
Y.
 
Zhong
,
Chemical Society Reviews
,
39
(
11
),
4067
–
4079
(
2010
).
https://doi.org/10.1039/b922183m
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
4.
D.W.
 
Reische
,
D.A.
 
Lillard
 and
R.R.
 
Eitenmiller
, “Antioxidants”, in
Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology
, edited by
C.C.
 
Akoh
,
D.B.
 
Min
 (
CRC Press
,
Boca Raton
,
2008
), pp.
409
–
430
.
Google Scholar
 
5.
F.
 
Khan
,
S.
 
Ray
,
A.M.
 
Craigie
,
G.
 
Kennedy
,
A.
 
Hill
,
K.L.
 
Barton
,
J.
 
Broughton
, and
J.J.F.
 
Belch
,
Free Radical Biology and Medicine
,
72
,
232
–
237
(
2014
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.006
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
6.
M.
 
Wang
,
Y.
 
Jin
 and
C.T.
 
Ho
,
Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry
,
47
,
3974
–
3977
(
1999
).
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990382w
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
7.
C.
 
Barrow
 and
F.
 
Shahidi
,
Marine Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
(
CRC Press
,
New York
,
2008
).
Google Scholar
 
8.
A.M.S.
 
Mayer
 and
M.T.
 
Hamann
,
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C
,
132
,
315
–
339
(
2002
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00009-X
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
9.
A.
 
Yasantha
,
K.N.
 
Kim
 and
Y.J.
 
Jeon
,
Food and Chemical Toxicology
,
44
,
1065
–
1074
(
2006
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.011
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
10.
O.G.
 
Maouritsen
,
Seaweeds: Edible, Available and Sustainable
(
University of Chicago Press
,
London
,
2013
), pp
1
–
4
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
11.
S.M.
 
Phang
,
Malaysia Journal of Science
,
29
(
2
),
160
–
166
(
2010
).
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
12.
L.J. Villarreal
 
Gomez
,
I.E. Soria
 
Mercado
,
G. Guerra
 
Rivas
 and
N.E. Ayala
 
Sanchez
,
Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia
 
45
,
267
–
275
(
2010
).
Google Scholar
 
13.
X.J.
 
Duan
,
W.W.
 
Zhang
,
X.M.
 
Li
 and
B.G.
 
Wang
,
Food Chemistry
,
95
,
37
–
43
(
2006
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.015
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
14.
W.F. Prud’homme
 
van Reine
 and
G.C.
Jr. 
Trono
, “Prosea: Plant resources of South East Asia 15(1)” in
Cryptogams: Algae
, (
Backhuys Publishers
,
Leiden
,
2001
).
Google Scholar
 
15.
K. Suresh
 
Kumar
,
K.
 
Ganesan
 and
P.V. Subba
 
Rao
,
Food Chemistry
,
107
,
289
–
296
(
2008
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.016
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
16.
S.
 
Kumar
,
Analytical Techniques for Natural Product Research
, (
Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International
,
Boston
,
2015
) pp
176
.
Google Scholar
 
17.
G.K.
 
Xiren
 and
A.
 
Aminah
,
AIP Conference Proceedings
,
1614
,
399
–
403
(
2014
).
Google Scholar
 
18.
K.H
 
Musa
,
A.
 
Aminah
,
J.
 
Khairiah
 and
V.
 
Subramaniam
,
Food Analytical Methods
,
4
(
1
),
100
–
107
(
2010
).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-010-9139-3
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
19.
P
,
Matanjun
,
M.
 
Suhaila
,
M.M.
 
Noordin
,
M.
 
Kharidah
 and
H.M.
 
Cheng
,
Journal of Applied Phycology
,
20
,
367
–
373
(
2008
).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9264-6
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
20.
A
,
Mokrani
 and
K.
 
Madani
,
Separation and Purification Technology
,
162
,
68
–
76
(
2016
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.01.043
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
21.
S.M. Mohy
 
El-Din
 and
A.M.D.
 
El-Ehwany
,
Journal of Taibah University for Science
, (
2005
).
22.
C.
 
Alasalvar
,
M.
 
Karamac
,
R.
 
Amarowicz
 and
F.
 
Shahidi
,
Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry
,
54
,
4826
–
4832
(
2006
).
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0601259
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
23.
S.A.S.
 
Chatha
,
F.
 
Anwar
,
M.
 
Manzoor
 and
J.R.
 
Bajwa
,
Grasas Aceites
,
57
,
328
–
335
(
2006
).
Google Scholar
 
24.
M.A.
 
Al-Farsi
 and
C.Y.
 
Lee
,
Food Chemistry
,
108
,
977
–
985
(
2008
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.009
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
25.
R.
 
Gonzales-Montelongo
,
M. Gloria
 
Lobo
 and
M.
 
Gonzales
,
Food Chemistry
,
119
,
1030
–
1039
(
2010
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.08.012
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
26.
D.
 
Huang
,
O.
 
Boxin
 and
R.L.
 
Prior
,
Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry
,
53
,
1841
–
1856
(
2005
).
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030723c
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
27.
E.
 
Plougeurne
,
K.L.
 
Lann
,
S.
 
Connan
,
G.
 
Jechoux
,
E.
 
Deslandes
 and
V. Stiger
 
Pouvreau
,
Aquatic Botany
,
85
,
337
–
344
(
2006
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.06.011
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
28.
D.
 
Martini
,
F.
 
Taddei
,
R.
 
Ciccoritti
,
M.
 
Pasquini
,
I.
 
Nicoletti
,
D.
 
Corradini
 and
M.Z.
 
D’Egidio
,
Journal of Cereal Science
,
65
,
175
–
185
(
2015
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2015.06.012
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
29.
N.
 
de Abreu
 and
P.
 
Mazzafera
,
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
,
43
,
241
–
248
(
2005
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.01.020
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
30.
A
,
Tanniou
,
L.
 
Vandanjon
,
M.
 
Incera
,
E. Serrano
 
Leon
,
V.
 
Husa
,
J.
 
Le Grand
,
J.L.
 
Nicolas
,
N.
 
Poupart
,
N.
 
Kervarec
,
A.
 
Engelen
,
R.
 
Walsh
,
F.
 
Guerard
,
N.
 
Bourgougnon
 and
V. Stiger
 
Pouvreau
,
Journal of Applied Phycology
,
26
,
1215
–
1230
(
2013
).
Google Scholar
 
31.
T.
 
Noipa
,
S.
 
Srijaranai
,
T.
 
Tuntulani
 and
W.
 
Ngeontae
,
Food Research International
,
44
(
3
),
798
–
806
(
2011
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.034
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
32.
I.F.
 
Benzie
 and
J.J.
 
Strain
,
Analytical Biochemistry
,
239
,
70
–
76
(
1996
).
https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed
 
33.
J.
 
Moore
 and
L.L.
 
Yu
, “Methods for Antioxidant Capacity Estimation of Wheat and Wheat Based Food Products”, in
Wheat Antioxidants
, edited by
L.L.
 
Yu
 (
Wiley
,
New Jersey
,
2008
) pp
125
–
130
.
Google Scholar
 
34.
N.
 
Tlili
,
W.
 
Elfalleh
,
H.
 
Hannachi
,
Y.
 
Yahia
,
A.
 
Khaldi
,
A.
 
Ferchichi
 and
N.
 
Nasri
,
International Journal of Food Properties
,
16
,
1117
–
1126
.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.576360
Crossref
Search ADS
 
35.
M.
 
Ben Farhat
,
A.
 
Landoulsi
,
R. Chaouch
 
Hamada
,
J.A.
 
Sotomayor
 and
M.J.
 
Jordan
,
Industrial Crops and Products
,
49
,
904
–
914
(
2013
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.06.047
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
36.
S.
 
Iqbal
 and
M.I.
 
Bhanger
,
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
,
19
,
544
–
551
(
2006
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
37.
M.
 
Alothman
,
R.
 
Bhat
 and
A.A.
 
Karim
,
Food Chemistry
,
115
,
785
–
788
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.005
Crossref
Search ADS
 
38.
E.E.
 
Tan
,
A.
 
Aminah
,
K.H.
 
Musa
,
M.Y.
 
Maskat
 and
A. G.
 
Maaruf
,
Sains Malaysiana
,
41
(
3
),
219
–
324
(
2012
).
Google Scholar
 
39.
M.
 
Maizura
,
A.
 
Aminah
 and
W.M. Wan
 
Aida
,
International Food Research Journal
,
18
,
529
–
534
(
2011
).
Google Scholar
 
40.
S.
 
Connan
,
F.
 
Delisle
,
E.
 
Deslandes
 and
E.A.
 
Gall
,
Botanica Marina
 
49
,
39
–
46
(
2006
).
https://doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2006.005
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
41.
K.
 
Chakraborty
,
D.
 
Joseph
 and
N.K.
 
Praveen
,
Journal Food Science Technology
,
52
(
4
),
1924
–
1935
.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1189-2
Crossref
Search ADS
 
42.
E.
 
Balogh
,
A.
 
Hegedus
 and
E.S.
 
Banyai
,
Scientia Horticulturae
,
125
,
332
–
336
(
2010
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.04.015
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
43.
S.
 
Tachakittirungrod
,
S.
 
Okonogi
 and
S.
 
Chowwanapoonpohn
,
Food Chemistry
,
103
,
381
–
388
(
2007
).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.034
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2016 Author(s).
2016
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.