Magnetization and XPS study of pristine bulk $In2O3$

We demonstrate that room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) can be induced in pristine $In2O3$ bulk powder through hydrogenation. The oxygen vacancies (Vo) accompanied by defect complexes In²⁺–Vo are produced in hydrogenated $In2O3$⁠. However, the ferromagnetic ordering disappears upon removing these Vo’s and defect complex upon re-heating the hydrogenated sample in air. The hydrogenation induced In3d–O2p hybridization, the defect complexes In²⁺–Vo and the Vo’s compositely contribute to observed ferromagnetic ordering.