Cosmic rays in star-forming galaxies

Cosmic rays fill up the entire volume of galaxies, providing an important source of heating and ionization of the interstellar medium, and may play a significant role in the regulation of star formation and evolution of galaxies. Diffuse emissions from radio to highenergy gamma rays (< 100 MeV) arising from various interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium, interstellar radiation field, and magnetic field, are currently the best way to trace the intensities and spectra of cosmic rays in the Milky Way and other galaxies. In this talk, I will give an overview of the observations of the cosmic-ray induced emissions from our own and other galaxies, in particular, results from the Fermi-LAT and Imaging Air Cerenkov telescopes. I will also talk about what can be deduced about the cosmic-ray origin and propagation from these observations.