In the companion paper, “Aerodynamic Lift, Part 1: The Science,” I described the key features of lifting flows. The objective of the present paper is to explain those features and the cause-and-effect relationships between them in a manner consistent with the laws of physics.

1.
Doug
McLean
, “
Aerodynamic lift, part 1: The science
,”
Phys. Teach.
56
,
516
520
(
Nov.
2018
).
2.
J. D.
Anderson
,
Introduction to Flight
, 6th ed. (
New York
,
McGraw Hill
,
2008
).
3.
N. F.
Smith
, “
Bernoulli and Newton and fluid mechanics
,”
Phys. Teach.
10
,
451
455
(
Nov.
1972
).
4.
C.
Waltham
, “
Flight without Bernoulli
,”
Phys. Teach.
36
,
457
(
Nov.
1998
).
5.
D.
Anderson
and
S.
Eberhardt
,
Understanding Flight
, 2nd ed. (
McGraw-Hill
,
2009
).
6.
C. N.
Eastlake
, “
An aerodynamicist’s view of lift, Bernoulli, and Newton
,”
Phys. Teach.
40
,
166
(
March
2002
).
7.
K.
Weltner
, “
A comparison of explanations of the aerodynamic lifting force
,”
Am. J. Phys.
55
,
50
54
(
Jan.
1987
).
8.
K.
Weltner
, “
Bernoulli’s law and aerodynamic lifting force
,”
Phys. Teach.
28
,
84
86
(
Feb.
1990
).
9.
H.
Babinsky
, “
How do wings work?
Phys. Educ.
38
(
6
),
497
503
(
Nov.
2003
).
10.
D.
McLean
,
Understanding Aerodynamics – Arguing from the Real Physics
(
Wiley
,
2012
), Sec. 7.3.3.
11.
J.
Denker
, “
See How It Flies
,” www.av8n.com, Sec. 18.4, accessed March 2017.
12.
Ref. 10, Sec. 7.3.1.7
13.
F. W.
Lanchester
,
Aerodynamics
(
A. Constable and Company
,
London, U.K.
,
1907
).
14.
F. M.
White
,
Fluid Mechanics
, 7th ed. (
McGraw-Hill
,
2011
). A derivation of Euler’s equation is given in Sec. 4.2.
15.
G. M.
Craig
,
Stop Abusing Bernoulli
(
Regenerative Press
,
Anderson, IN
,
1997
).
AAPT members receive access to The Physics Teacher and the American Journal of Physics as a member benefit. To learn more about this member benefit and becoming an AAPT member, visit the Joining AAPT page.