This month marks the 75th anniversary of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse. During a gale on Nov. 7, 1940, the bridge exhibited remarkable oscillations before collapsing spectacularly (Figs. 1–5). Physicists over the years have spent a great deal of time and energy studying this event. By using open-source analysis tools and digitized footage of the disaster, physics students in both high school and college can continue in this tradition. Students can watch footage of “Galloping Gertie,” ask scientific questions about the bridge's collapse, analyze data, and draw conclusions from that analysis. Students should be encouraged to pursue their own investigations, but the question that drove our inquiry was this:

When physics classes watch modern video showing the oscillations and the free fall of the bridge fragments, are these scenes sped up, slowed down, or at the correct speed compared to what was observed by the eyewitnesses on Nov. 7, 1940?

1
Richard S.
Hobbs
,
Catastrophe to Triumph – Bridges of the Tacoma Narrows
(
Washington State University Press
,
Pullman, WA
,
2006
), pp.
77
79
.
2.
Frederick Burt
Farquharson
,
Aerodynamic Stability of Suspension Bridges: With Special Reference to The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Part 1
(
Washington University Press
,
1949
), pp.
26
28
.
3.
Ref. 1, pp.
77
78
.
4.
Ref. 1, pp.
63
69
.
5.
Franklin
Miller
 Jr.
, “
Single-concept films in physics
,”
Am. J. Phys.
33
(
10
),
806
812
(
Oct.
1965
).
6.
Franklin
Miller
 Jr.
, “
A long look at the short film
,”
Am. J. Phys.
39
(
1
),
4
8
(
Jan.
1971
).
7.
Robert G.
Fuller
,
Dean A.
Zollman
, and
Thomas C.
Campbell
,
The Puzzle of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse
, videodisc (
Wiley Educational Software
,
Wiley, Inc.
,
1982
).
8.
Dean A.
Zollman
and
Robert G.
Fuller
, “
The puzzle of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse: An interactive videodisc program for physics instruction
,”
Creative Comput.
8
(
10
),
100
109
(
Oct.
1982
).
9.
Wikipedia article “Telecine,” specifically the section “2:3 pulldown.”
10.
Robert G.
Fuller
,
Dean A.
Zollman
, and
Thomas C.
Campbell
,
The Puzzle of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse
, VHS video and 11-page Teacher's Guide (
AAPT
,
College Park, MD
,
1989
).
11.
Robert G.
Fuller
,
Charles R.
Lang
, and
Roberta H.
Lang
,
Twin Views of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse
, VHS video and 27-page User's Guide; DVD video and 25-page Teacher's Guide (
AAPT
,
College Park, MD
,
2000
). The VHS and DVD have identical scenes and running times, http://www.aapt.org/store.
12.
Ref. 2, p. 27.
13.
Bernard J.
Feldman
, “
What to say about the Tacoma Narrows Bridge to your introductory physics class
,”
Phys. Teach.
41
,
92
96
(
Feb.
2003
), see p. 95.
14.
Daniel
Green
and
William G.
Unruh
, “
The failure of the Tacoma Bridge: A physical model
,”
Am. J. Phys.
74
(
8
),
706
716
(
Aug.
2006
).
15.
Tracker Video Analysis and Modeling Tool, created by Douglas Brown and downloadable from http://www.cabrillo.edu/~dbrown/tracker/ or from Open Source Physics, http://www.ComPADRE.org.
16.
Figures 3 and 4 in Ref. 2.
17.
The error appears on p. 25 of the VHS Teacher's Guide and page 23 of the DVD Teacher's Guide.
18.
Unlike the modern November observance called Veteran's Day, the term Armistice Day in 1940 referred specifically to Nov. 11, the anniversary of the agreement that ended World War I.
19.
Aurel J.
Knarr
, “
The Midwest storm of November 11, 1940
,”
Mon. Weather Rev.
69
(
6
),
169
178
(
June
1941
), see p. 169.
20.
Wikipedia article “Panhandle hook.”
21.
Ref. 19, p. 178.
22.
Ref. 19, p. 177.
23.
Chicago Tribune
,
Nov.
12
,
1940
, p.
1
.
24.
O.W.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau
, “
Year, 1940, General Summary
,”
Climatological Data: Michigan Section
55
(
13
),
49
(
1940
).
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