Energy is a complex idea that cuts across scientific disciplines. An approach to energy that incorporates chemical bonds and chemical reactions is better equipped to meet the needs of life sciences students than a traditional introductory physics approach that focuses primarily on mechanical energy. We present a curricular sequence, or thread, designed to build up students' understanding of chemical energy in an introductory physics course for the life sciences. This thread is designed to connect ideas about energy from physics, biology, and chemistry. We describe the kinds of connections among energy concepts that we develop to build interdisciplinary coherence and present some examples of curricular materials and student data that illustrate our approach.

1.
A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas
, edited by
H.
Quinn
,
H.
Schweingruber
, and
T.
Keller
(
The National Academies Press
,
Washington, DC
,
2012
).
2.
M. M.
Cooper
and
M. W.
Klymkowsky
, “
The Trouble with Chemical Energy: Why Understanding Bond Energies Requires an Interdisciplinary Systems Approach
,”
CBE-Life Sci. Educ.
12
,
306
312
(
2013
).
3.
B. W.
Dreyfus
,
E. F.
Redish
, and
J.
Watkins
, “
Student views of macroscopic and microscopic energy in physics and biology
,”
AIP Conf. Proc.
1413
,
179
182
(
2012
).
4.
D. C.
Meredith
and
E. F.
Redish
, “
Reinventing physics for life-sciences majors
,”
Phys. Today
66
,
38
43
(
2013
).
5.
B. W.
Dreyfus
,
B. D.
Geller
,
D. E.
Meltzer
, and
V.
Sawtelle
, “
Resource letter: Teaching thermodynamics and statistical mechanics in physics, chemistry, and biology
,” (under review).
6.
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4870391 for a static version of the materials most directly related to this article, current as of this writing. NEXUS/Physics course website, <http://nexusphysics.umd.edu>. The materials on this site will continue to be updated as the course is revised.
7.
E. F.
Redish
 et al, “
NEXUS/Physics: An interdisciplinary repurposing of physics for biologists
,”
Am. J. Phys.
82
,
368
377
(
2014
).
8.
K. V.
Thompson
,
J.
Chmielewski
,
M. S.
Gaines
,
C. A.
Hrycyna
, and
W. R.
LaCourse
, “
Competency-Based Reforms of the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum: Integrating the Physical and Biological Sciences
,”
CBE-Life Sci. Educ.
12
,
162
169
(
2013
).
9.
E. F.
Redish
and
T. J.
Cooke
, “
Learning Each Other's Ropes: Negotiating Interdisciplinary Authenticity
,”
CBE-Life Sci. Educ.
12
,
175
186
(
2013
).
10.
K.
Moore
,
J.
Giannini
, and
W.
Losert
, “
Toward Better Physics Labs for Future Biologists
,”
Am. J. Phys.
82
,
387
393
(
2014
).
11.
S.
Novick
, “
No energy storage in chemical bonds
,”
J. Biol. Educ.
10
,
116
118
(
1976
).
12.
C.
Gayford
, “
ATP: A coherent view for school advanced level studies in biology
,”
J. Biol. Educ.
20
,
27
32
(
1986
).
13.
H. K.
Boo
, “
Students' Understandings of Chemical Bonds and the Energetics of Chemical Reactions
,”
J. Res. Sci. Teach.
35
,
569
581
(
1998
).
14.
M. A.
Teichert
and
A. M.
Stacy
, “
Promoting understanding of chemical bonding and spontaneity through student explanation and integration of ideas
,”
J. Res. Sci. Teach.
39
,
464
496
(
2002
).
15.
R. D.
Storey
, “
Textbook errors & misconceptions in biology: Cell energetics
,”
Am. Biol. Teach.
54
,
161
166
(
1992
).
16.
J.
Bruner
,
The Process of Education
(
Harvard U.P.
,
Cambridge, MA
,
1960
).
17.
R. W.
Chabay
and
B. A.
Sherwood
,
Matter and Interactions
(
Wiley
,
Hoboken, NJ
,
2007
).
18.
R. D.
Knight
,
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach
, 2nd ed. (
Pearson Addison Wesley
,
San Francisco
,
2008
), Section 10.7.
19.
M. M.
Cooper
and
M. W.
Klymkowsky
, “
CLUE: Chemistry, life, the universe, and everything
,” <http://besocratic.colorado.edu/CLUE-Chemistry/>.
20.
W.
Potter
,
D.
Webb
,
E.
West
,
C.
Paul
,
M.
Bowen
,
B.
Weiss
,
L.
Coleman
, and
C.
De Leone
, “
Sixteen years of Collaborative Learning through Active Sense-making in Physics (CLASP) at UC Davis
,”
Am. J. Phys.
82
,
153
163
(
2014
).
21.
J. E.
Jones
, “
On the Determination of Molecular Fields. II. From the Equation of State of a Gas
,”
Proc. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.
106
,
463
477
(
1924
).
22.
Balloons and Static Electricity
,” <http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons> (
2006
).
23.
We recognize that the words “stable” and “equilibrium” have different common meanings in physics and in chemistry. Here we use these words with their usual physics meanings: an equilibrium point is a point at which the net force is zero, and a stable equilibrium means that if the system is perturbed a small distance from the equilibrium, it will return to the equilibrium.
24.
B. D.
Geller
,
B. W.
Dreyfus
,
J.
Gouvea
,
V.
Sawtelle
,
C.
Turpen
, and
E. F.
Redish
, “
Entropy and spontaneity in an introductory physics course for life science students
,”
Am. J. Phys.
82
,
394
402
(
2014
).
25.
J. S.
Gouvea
,
V.
Sawtelle
,
B. D.
Geller
, and
C.
Turpen
, “
A Framework for Analyzing Interdisciplinary Tasks: Implications for Student Learning and Curricular Design
,”
Cell Biol. Educ.
12
,
187
205
(
2013
).
26.
The reaction coordinate is a loosely defined coordinate that corresponds to the progress of a chemical reaction, and may or may not correspond to a single physical parameter. Though this description is not explicitly discussed in our physics course, students are familiar with the technique from use in their chemistry and biology classes.
27.
C.
Cecconi
, “
Direct observation of the three-state folding of a single protein molecule
,”
Science
309
,
2057
2060
(
2005
).
28.
29.
D.
Brookes
and
E.
Etkina
, “
Using conceptual metaphor and functional grammar to explore how language used in physics affects student learning
,”
Phys. Rev. ST-Phys. Educ. Res.
3
,
010105
1
(
2007
).
30.
B. W.
Dreyfus
,
B. D.
Geller
,
V.
Sawtelle
,
J.
Svoboda
,
C.
Turpen
, and
E. F.
Redish
, “
Students' interdisciplinary reasoning about ‘high-energy bonds’ and ATP
,”
AIP Conf. Proc.
1513
,
122
125
(
2013
).
31.
D.
Kagan
, “
Energy and Momentum in the Gauss Accelerator
,”
Phys. Teach.
42
,
24
26
(
2004
).
32.
T.
Kodama
and
R. C.
Woledge
, “
Enthalpy changes for intermediate steps of the ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by myosin subfragment-1
,”
J. Biol. Chem.
254
,
6382
6386
(
1979
). Available at http://www.jbc.org/content/254/14/6382.citation.
33.
G. S. M.
Moore
, “
General, restricted and misleading forms of the first law of thermodynamics
,”
Phys. Educ.
28
,
228
237
(
1993
).
34.
A.
Yildiz
, “
Kinesin Walks Hand-Over-Hand
,”
Science
303
,
676
678
(
2004
).
35.
A.
Van Heuvelen
and
X.
Zou
, “
Multiple representations of work–energy processes
,”
Am. J. Phys.
69
,
184
194
(
2001
).
36.
B. W.
Dreyfus
,
B. D.
Geller
,
J.
Gouvea
,
V.
Sawtelle
,
C.
Turpen
, and
E. F.
Redish
, “
Ontological metaphors for negative energy in an interdisciplinary context
,”(under review); e-print arXiv:1312.6112 [physics.ed-ph].
37.
B. W.
Dreyfus
,
V.
Sawtelle
,
C.
Turpen
,
J.
Gouvea
, and
E. F.
Redish
, “
A vision of interdisciplinary education: Students' reasoning about ‘high-energy bonds’ and ATP
,” (Phys. Rev. ST-Phys. Educ. Res., in press); e-print arXiv:1402.5408 [physics.ed-ph].
38.
F.
Lipmann
, “
Metabolic generation and utilization of phosphate bond energy
,”
Adv. Enzym. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol.
1
,
99
162
(
1941
).

Supplementary Material

AAPT members receive access to the American Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher as a member benefit. To learn more about this member benefit and becoming an AAPT member, visit the Joining AAPT page.