A seven-box carbon cycle model is used to show the time dependence of atmospheric CO2 for the past 250years and the current flux between individual reservoirs. The model also yields results for future levels of atmospheric CO2 based on various scenarios.

1.
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, “
The Earth Simulator Center
,” ⟨www.jamstec.go.jp/esc/index.en.html⟩.
2.
John
Harte
,
Consider a Spherical Cow: A Course in Environmental Problem Solving
(
University Science Books
,
Sausilito, CA
,
1988
).
3.
H.
Oeschger
,
U.
Siegenthaler
,
U.
Schotterer
, and
A.
Gugelmann
, “
A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature
,”
Tellus
27
,
168
192
(
1975
).
4.
R. B.
Bacastow
and
A.
Björkström
, “
Comparison of ocean models for the carbon cycle
,” in
Carbon Cycle Modelling
, edited by
Bert
Bolin
(
Wiley
,
Chichester
,
1981
), SCOPE Vol.
16
, pp.
29
79
.
5.
B.
Moore
 III
and
B.
Bolin
, “
Oceans, carbon dioxide, and global climate change
,”
Oceanus
29
(
4
),
9
15
(
1987
).
6.
G.
Marland
,
T. A.
Boden
, and
R. J.
Andres
, “
Global, regional, and national fossil fuel CO2 emissions
,” cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm⟩.
7.
C. D.
Keeling
,
T. P.
Whorf
,
M.
Wahlen
, and
J.
van der Plichat
, “
Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980
,”
Nature (London)
375
(
22
),
666
670
(
1995
).
8.
C. D.
Keeling
and
T. P.
Whorf
, “
Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from Mauna Loa
,” ⟨cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm⟩.
9.
R. A.
Houghton
and
J. L.
Hackler
, “
Carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use changes
,” ⟨cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/landuse/houghton/houghton.html⟩.
10.
R. B.
Bacastow
and
C. D.
Keeling
, “
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and radiocarbon in the natural carbon cycle: II. Changes from A. D. 1700 to 2070 as deduced from a geochemical model
,” in
Carbon and the Biosphere
, edited by
G. M.
Woodwell
and
E. V.
Pecan
(
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
,
Washington, DC
,
1973
), pp.
86
135
.
11.
H. S.
Kheshgi
,
A. K.
Jain
, and
D. J.
Wuebbles
, “
Accounting for the missing carbon-sink with the CO2-fertilization effect
,”
Clim. Change
33
,
31
62
(
1996
).
12.
K. K.
Goldewijk
,
J. G.
van Minnen
,
M.
Vloedbeld
, and
R.
Leemans
, “
Simulating the carbon flux between the terrestrial environment and the atmosphere
,”
Water, Air, Soil Pollut.
76
,
199
230
(
1994
).
13.
I. G.
Enting
,
T. M. L.
Wigley
, and
M.
Heimann
, “
Future emission and concentrations of carbon dioxide: Key ocean/atmosphere/land analyses
,” CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Victoria, Australia, Report No. 31, ⟨cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/enting_2001a1.pdf⟩.
14.
W. R.
Emanuel
,
G. G.
Killough
,
W. M.
Post
, and
H. H.
Shugart
, “
Modeling terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle with shifts in carbon storage capacity by land-use change
,”
Ecology
65
(
3
),
970
983
(
1984
).
15.
M. B.
McElroy
, “
The carbon cycle
,” in
The Atmospheric Environment: Effects of Human Activity
, edited by
M. B.
McElroy
(
Princeton U.P.
,
Princeton
,
2002
), pp.
141
164
.
16.
D. M.
Etheridge
,
L. P.
Steele
,
R. L.
Langenfelds
,
R. J.
Francey
,
J.-M.
Barnola
, and
V. I.
Morgan
, “
Historical CO2 records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08–2, and DSS ice cores
,” ⟨cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/lawdome-data.html⟩.
17.
Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
, edited by
J. T.
Houghton
,
Y.
Ding
, David
J.
Griggs
,
M.
Noguer
,
P. J.
Van Der Linden
,
X.
Dai
,
K.
Maskell
, and
C. A.
Johnson
(
Cambridge U.P.
,
Cambridge
,
2001
).
18.
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basic: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment
, edited by
S.
Solomon
,
D.
Qin
,
M.
Manning
,
Z.
Chen
,
M.
Marquis
,
K. B.
Averyt
,
M.
Tignor
, and
H. L.
Miller
(
Cambridge U.P.
,
Cambridge
,
2007
).
19.
T. M. L.
Wigley
,
R.
Richels
, and
J. A.
Edmonds
, “
Economic and environmental choice in stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations
,”
Nature (London)
379
,
240
243
(
1996
).
20.
Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: a Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
, edited by
Nebojsa
Nakicenovic
(
Cambridge U.P.
,
Cambridge
,
2000
).
21.
A. K.
Jain
,
H. S.
Kheshgi
, and
D. J.
Wuebbles
, “
Integrated Science model for assessment of climate change
,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report No. UCRL-JC-116526, ⟨osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10151110⟩.
22.
Emissions Scenarios for the IPCC: An Update, Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to The IPCC Scientific Assessment
, edited by
J.
Leggett
,
W. J.
Pepper
, and
R. J.
Swart
(
Cambridge U.P.
,
Cambridge
,
1992
).
23.
C. D.
Keeling
, “
The carbon dioxide cycle: Reservior models to depict the exchange of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the oceans and land plants
,” in
Chemistry of the Lower Atmosphere
, edited by
S. I.
Rasool
(
Plenum P
,
New York
,
1973
).
AAPT members receive access to the American Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher as a member benefit. To learn more about this member benefit and becoming an AAPT member, visit the Joining AAPT page.