We discuss two mechanical systems in which the approximate equations of motion are the same as the rapid adiabatic passage of a two-state quantum-mechanical system, such as that which occurs with quasistatic interactions and from the quasiperiodic action of a chirped-frequency laser pulse. We discuss a pair of masses on springs, weakly coupled by another spring, one of whose spring constants varies slowly, and a pair of coupled pendula, where the length of one pendulum slowly changes. In each example an approximation analogous to the rotating-wave approximation used in the corresponding quantum system brings the second-order macroscopic equations of motion into first-order form, and a slow variation in a system parameter characteristic leads to adiabatic change and rapid adiabatic passage.

1.
P. R.
Berman
, “
Two-level approximation in atomic systems
,”
Am. J. Phys.
42
,
992
997
(
1974
).
2.
L.
Allen
and
J. H.
Eberly
,
Optical Resonance and Two Level Atoms
(
Dover
,
New York
,
1987
).
3.
E.
Majorana
, “
Atomi orientati in campo magnetico variabile
,”
Nuovo Cimento
9
,
43
50
(
1932
).
4.
B. W.
Shore
, “
Coherent manipulations of atoms using laser light
,”
Acta Phys. Slov.
58
,
243
486
(
2008
), available at ⟨www.physics.sk/aps/pub.php?y=2008&pub=aps-08-03⟩.
5.
I. I.
Rabi
, “
Space quantization in a gyrating magnetic field
,”
Phys. Rev.
51
,
652
654
(
1937
).
6.
I. I.
Rabi
,
N. F.
Ramsey
, and
J.
Schwinger
, “
Use of rotating coordinates in magnetic resonance problems
,”
Rev. Mod. Phys.
26
,
167
171
(
1954
).
7.
P. L.
Knight
and
P. W.
Milonni
, “
The Rabi frequency in optical spectra
,”
Phys. Rep.
66
,
21
107
(
1980
).
8.
B. W.
Shore
,
The Theory of Coherent Atomic Excitation
(
Wiley
,
New York
,
1990
), Vol.
1
.
9.
E. B.
Treacy
, “
Adiabatic inversion with light pulses
,”
Phys. Lett. A
27
,
421
422
(
1968
);
M. D.
Crisp
, “
Adiabatic-following approximation
,”
Phys. Rev. A
8
,
2128
2135
(
1973
);
M. M. T.
Loy
, “
Observation of population inversion by optical adiabatic rapid passage
,”
Phys. Rev. Lett.
32
,
814
817
(
1974
);
D.
Grischkowsky
and
M. M. T.
Loy
, “
Self-induced adiabatic rapid passage
,”
Phys. Rev. A
12
,
1117
1120
(
1975
).
10.
F. T.
Hioe
, “
Theory of generalized adiabatic following in multilevel systems
,”
Phys. Lett. A
99
,
150
155
(
1983
);
J.
Oreg
,
F. T.
Hioe
, and
J. H.
Eberly
, “
Adiabatic following in multilevel systems
,”
Phys. Rev. A
29
,
690
697
(
1984
);
B. W.
Shore
,
K.
Bergmann
,
J.
Oreg
, and
S.
Rosenwaks
, “
Multilevel adiabatic population transfer
,”
Phys. Rev. A
44
,
7442
7447
(
1991
).
[PubMed]
11.
R. A.
Fowler
and
H. S.
Story
, “
Mechanical analog of magnetic resonance
,”
Am. J. Phys.
29
,
709
709
(
1961
).
12.
R. P.
Feynman
,
R. B.
Leighton
, and
M.
Sands
,
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
(
Addison-Wesley
,
Reading, MA
,
1965
), Vol.
3
, Chap. 6, Sec. 6.
13.
R. J.
Spreeuw
,
N. J.
van Druten
,
M. W.
Beijersbergen
,
E. R.
Eliel
, and
J. P.
Woerdman
, “
Classical realization of a strongly driven two-level system
,”
Phys. Rev. Lett.
65
,
2642
2645
(
1990
).
14.
J. H.
Shirley
, “
Solution of the Schrödinger equation with a Hamiltonian periodic in time
,”
Phys. Rev.
138
,
B979
B987
(
1965
).
15.
L. P.
Yatsenko
,
A.
Vardi
,
T.
Halfmann
,
B. W.
Shore
, and
K.
Bergmann
, “
Source of metastable H(2s) atoms using Stark chirped rapid adiabatic passage
,”
Phys. Rev. A
60
,
R4237
R4240
(
1999
);
T.
Rickes
,
L. P.
Yatsenko
,
S.
Steuerwald
,
T.
Halfmann
,
B. W.
Shore
,
N. V.
Vitanov
, and
K.
Bergmann
, “
Efficient adiabatic population transfer by two-photon excitation assisted by a laser-induced Stark shift
,”
J. Chem. Phys.
113
,
534
546
(
2000
).
16.
U.
Fano
, “
Description of states in quantum mechanics by density matrix and operator techniques
,”
Rev. Mod. Phys.
29
,
74
93
(
1957
);
K.
Blum
,
Density Matrix Theory and Applications
, 2nd ed. (
Plenum
,
New York
,
1996
).
17.
J. G.
Hartley
and
J. R.
Ray
, “
Solutions to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation
,”
Phys. Rev. A
25
,
2388
2390
(
1982
);
F. T.
Hioe
and
C. E.
Carroll
, “
Analytic solutions to the two-state problem for chirped pulses
,”
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
2
,
497
502
(
1985
);
F. T.
Hioe
and
C. E.
Carroll
, “
Two-state problems involving arbitrary amplitude and frequency modulations
,”
Phys. Rev. A
32
,
1541
1549
(
1985
);
C. E.
Carroll
and
F. T.
Hioe
, “
A new class of analytic solutions of the two-state problem
,”
J. Phys. A
19
,
3579
3597
(
1986
);
C. E.
Carroll
and
F. T.
Hioe
, “
Analytic solution of the two-state problem
,”
Phys. Rev. A
41
,
2835
2836
(
1990
);
[PubMed]
E. S.
Kyoseva
and
N. V.
Vitanov
, “
Coherent pulsed excitation of degenerate multistate systems: Exact analytic solutions
,”
Phys. Rev. A
73
,
023420
1
(
2006
).
18.
P. M.
Morse
and
H.
Feshbach
,
Methods of Theoretical Physics
(
McGraw-Hill
,
New York
,
1953
).
19.
H. J.
Maris
and
Q.
Xiong
, “
Adiabatic and nonadiabatic processes in classical and quantum mechanics
,”
Am. J. Phys.
56
,
1114
1117
(
1988
).
20.
E. E.
Nikitin
and
A. I.
Reznikov
, “
Calculation of transition probabilities using the Landau–Zener model
,”
Phys. Rev. A
6
,
522
523
(
1972
);
C. E.
Carroll
and
F. T.
Hioe
, “
Further generalization of Landau–Zener calculation
,”
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
2
,
1355
1360
(
1985
);
G. S.
Vasilev
,
S. S.
Ivanov
, and
N. V.
Vitanov
, “
Degenerate Landau–Zener model: Analytical solution
,”
Phys. Rev. A
75
,
013417
1
(
2007
).
21.
N. V.
Vitanov
and
B. M.
Garraway
, “
Landau–Zener model—Effects of finite coupling duration
,”
Phys. Rev. A
53
,
4288
4304
(
1996
).
22.
L. D.
Landau
, “
Zur Theorie der Energieübertragung bei Stössen
,”
Phys. Z. Sowjetunion
1
,
88
98
(
1932
);
L. D.
Landau
, “
Zur Theorie der Energieübertragung II
,”
Phys. Z. Sowjetunion
2
,
46
51
(
1932
);
C.
Zener
, “
Non-adiabatic crossing of energy levels
,”
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
137
,
696
702
(
1932
);
C.
Stückelberg
, “
Theory of inelastic collisions between atoms
,”
Helv. Phys. Acta
5
,
369
423
(
1932
).
23.
A.
Messiah
,
Quantum Mechanics
(
North-Holland
,
Amsterdam
,
1962
), Vol.
2
;
A. C.
Aguiar Pinto
,
M. C.
Nemes
,
J. G.
Peixoto de Faria
, and
M. T.
Thomaz
, “
Comment on the adiabatic condition
,”
Am. J. Phys.
68
,
955
958
(
2000
).
24.
W.
Frank
and
P.
von Brentano
, “
Classical analogy to quantum mechanical level repulsion
,”
Am. J. Phys.
62
,
706
709
(
1994
).
25.
J. L.
McKibben
, “
Triple pendulum as an analog to three coupled stationary states
,”
Am. J. Phys.
45
,
1022
1026
(
1977
).
26.
P. R.
Hemmer
and
M. G.
Prentiss
, “
Coupled-pendulum model of the stimulated resonance Raman effect
,”
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
5
,
1613
1623
(
1988
).
27.
C. L.
Garrido Alzar
,
M. A. G.
Martinez
, and
P.
Nussenzveig
, “
Classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency
,”
Am. J. Phys.
70
,
37
41
(
2002
).
28.
The reduction in second-order equations to first-order equations is an essential part of the three-state analog in Refs. 19 and 26. Reference 19, for example, use the variables an(t)=ωnxn(t)+iẋn(t) and, upon making the rotating wave approximation, derive for an(t) a time-dependent Schrödinger equation equivalent to ours.
29.
L. D.
Landau
and
E. M.
Lifshitz
,
Mechanics
(
Pergamon
,
Oxford
,
1976
).
30.
J.
Casey
, “
Geometrical derivation of Lagrange’s equations for a system of particles
,”
Am. J. Phys.
62
,
836
847
(
1994
);
H.
Goldstein
,
C.
Poole
, and
J.
Safko
,
Classical Mechanics
, 3rd ed. (
Addison-Wesley
,
Reading, MA
,
2002
);
J.
Hanc
,
E. F.
Taylor
, and
S.
Tuleja
, “
Deriving Lagrange’s equations using elementary calculus
,”
Am. J. Phys.
72
,
510
513
(
2004
).
31.
N. V.
Vitanov
,
T.
Halfmann
,
B. W.
Shore
, and
K.
Bergmann
, “
Laser-induced population transfer by adiabatic passage techniques
,”
Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.
52
,
763
809
(
2001
);
[PubMed]
N. V.
Vitanov
,
M.
Fleischhauer
,
B. W.
Shore
, and
K.
Bergmann
, in “Coherent manipulation of atoms and molecules by sequential laser pulses,”
Advances in Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics
, edited by
B.
Bederson
and
H.
Walther
(
Academic
,
New York
,
2001
), pp.
55
190
.
AAPT members receive access to the American Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher as a member benefit. To learn more about this member benefit and becoming an AAPT member, visit the Joining AAPT page.