With good reason, physics education research has focused almost exclusively on student difficulties and misconceptions. This work has been productive for curriculum development as well as in motivating the physics teaching community to examine and reconsider methods and assumptions, but it is limited in what it can tell us about student knowledge and learning. This article reviews perspectives on student resources for learning, with an emphasis on the practical benefits to be gained for instruction.

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M. L. Minsky, Society of Mind (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986).
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A. Elby, “A high school curriculum designed to help students learn how to learn,” (in preparation).
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J. Minstrell, “Teaching science for understanding,” in Toward the Thinking Curriculum: Current Cognitive Research, edited by L. B. Resnick and L. E. Klopfer (ASCD, Alexandria, VA, 1989), pp. 129–149.
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A.
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12.
P. M. Sadler, M. H. Schneps, and S. Woll, A Private Universe (Pyramid Film and Video, Santa Monica, CA, 1989).
13.
D. E.
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M. C.
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R. N.
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, and
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Making sense of how students make sense of waves
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A. A.
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and
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16.
Note that this is a term to refer to a psychological category, part of intuitive physics, not a component of theory. There are clearly differences between an “event” as a coordination class and the term as it is used in relativity, including with respect to expectations of duration.
17.
S. A. Rosenberg, “Investigating students’ conceptual understanding of quantum mechanics,” Winter Meeting (AAPT, Orlando, FL, 2000).
18.
S. Vokos, private communication.
19.
P. G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics (Little, Brown, Boston, 1985).
20.
A. B. Arons, A Guide to Introductory Physics Teaching (Wiley, New York, 1990).
21.
C. Camp, J. Clement, D. Brown, K. Gonzalez, J. Kudukey, J. Minstrell, K. Schultz, M. Steinberg, V. Veneman, and A. Zietsman, Preconceptions in Mechanics: Lessons Dealing with Students’ Conceptual Difficulties (Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, 1994).
22.
L. C. McDermott, Physics By Inquiry (Wiley, New York, 1996).
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24.
Note that a resources-based account does not rule out confrontation as an instructional strategy! The role of confrontation may be seen as helping to destabilize a stable set of resource activations, such as by activating conflicting resources, to promote further thought that may result in different activations of resources.
25.
B. White, A. Elby, J. Frederiksen, and C. Schwarz, The Epistemological Beliefs Assessment for Physical Science AERA Annual Meeting (Montréal, 1999).
26.
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R. N.
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27.
I. Halloun, “Views about science and physics achievement. The VASS Story,” in The Changing Role of Physics Departments in Modern Universities; Proceedings of the International Conference on Undergraduate Physics Education, College Park, MD, 31 July–3 August 1996, edited by E. F. Redish and J. S. Rigden (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1997), pp. 605–613.
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Epistemological beliefs in introductory physics
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D. Hammer and A. Elby, “On the form of a personal epistemology,” in Personal Epistemology: The Psychology of Beliefs about Knowledge and Knowing, edited by B. K. Hofer and P. R. Pintrich (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, in press).
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A.
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and
W.
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Epistemic forms and epistemic games: Structures and strategies to guide inquiry
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I. Harel and S. Papert, Constructionism: Research Reports and Essays, 1985–1990 (Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1991).
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D.
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34.
B.
Sherin
A.
diSessa
, and
D.
Hammer
Dynaturtle revisited: Learning physics through collaborative design of a computer model
,”
Interactive Learning Environments
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),
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35.
D. Hawkins, The Informed Vision: Essays on Learning and Human Nature (Agathon, New York, 1974).
36.
K. Gallas, Talking Their Way Into Science: Hearing Children’s Questions and Theories, Responding with Curricula (Teachers College, New York, 1995).
37.
D.
Hammer
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Physics for First-Graders?
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38.
I thank Rajarshi Roy for this last example.
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